FastTimerService.cc

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// FIXME
// we are by-passing the ME's when filling the plots, so we might need to call the ME's update() by hand


// C++ headers
#include <cmath>
#include <limits>
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <mutex>
#include <string>
#include <sstream>
#include <unordered_set>
#include <unordered_map>

// boost headers
#include <boost/format.hpp>

// tbb headers
#include <tbb/concurrent_vector.h>

// CMSSW headers
#include "FWCore/ParameterSet/interface/ParameterSet.h"
#include "FWCore/ParameterSet/interface/ParameterSetDescription.h"
#include "FWCore/ParameterSet/interface/ConfigurationDescriptions.h"
#include "FWCore/Framework/interface/Event.h"
#include "FWCore/Framework/interface/LuminosityBlock.h"
#include "FWCore/Framework/interface/TriggerNamesService.h"
#include "FWCore/MessageLogger/interface/MessageLogger.h"
#include "FWCore/Utilities/interface/StreamID.h"
#include "DataFormats/Common/interface/HLTPathStatus.h"
#include "DataFormats/Provenance/interface/EventID.h"
#include "DataFormats/Provenance/interface/Timestamp.h"
#include "DataFormats/Provenance/interface/ModuleDescription.h"
#include "DataFormats/Scalers/interface/LumiScalers.h"
#include "DQMServices/Core/interface/DQMStore.h"
#include "DQMServices/Core/interface/MonitorElement.h"
#include "HLTrigger/Timer/interface/FastTimerService.h"


FastTimerService::FastTimerService(const edm::ParameterSet & config, edm::ActivityRegistry & registry) :
  // configuration
  // FIXME - reimplement support for cpu time vs. real time
  m_use_realtime(                config.getUntrackedParameter<bool>(     "useRealTimeClock"         ) ),
  m_enable_timing_paths(         config.getUntrackedParameter<bool>(     "enableTimingPaths"        ) ),
  m_enable_timing_modules(       config.getUntrackedParameter<bool>(     "enableTimingModules"      ) ),
  m_enable_timing_exclusive(     config.getUntrackedParameter<bool>(     "enableTimingExclusive"    ) ),
  m_enable_timing_summary(       config.getUntrackedParameter<bool>(     "enableTimingSummary"      ) ),
  m_skip_first_path(             config.getUntrackedParameter<bool>(     "skipFirstPath"            ) ),
  // dqm configuration
  m_enable_dqm(                  config.getUntrackedParameter<bool>(     "enableDQM"                ) ),
  m_enable_dqm_bypath_active(    config.getUntrackedParameter<bool>(     "enableDQMbyPathActive"    ) ),
  m_enable_dqm_bypath_total(     config.getUntrackedParameter<bool>(     "enableDQMbyPathTotal"     ) ),
  m_enable_dqm_bypath_overhead(  config.getUntrackedParameter<bool>(     "enableDQMbyPathOverhead"  ) ),
  m_enable_dqm_bypath_details(   config.getUntrackedParameter<bool>(     "enableDQMbyPathDetails"   ) ),
  m_enable_dqm_bypath_counters(  config.getUntrackedParameter<bool>(     "enableDQMbyPathCounters"  ) ),
  m_enable_dqm_bypath_exclusive( config.getUntrackedParameter<bool>(     "enableDQMbyPathExclusive" ) ),
  m_enable_dqm_bymodule(         config.getUntrackedParameter<bool>(     "enableDQMbyModule"        ) ),
  m_enable_dqm_bymoduletype(     config.getUntrackedParameter<bool>(     "enableDQMbyModuleType"    ) ),
  m_enable_dqm_summary(          config.getUntrackedParameter<bool>(     "enableDQMSummary"         ) ),
  m_enable_dqm_byls(             config.getUntrackedParameter<bool>(     "enableDQMbyLumiSection"   ) ),
  m_enable_dqm_bynproc(          config.getUntrackedParameter<bool>(     "enableDQMbyProcesses"     ) ),
  // job configuration
  m_concurrent_runs(             0 ),
  m_concurrent_streams(          0 ),
  m_concurrent_threads(          0 ),
  m_module_id(                   edm::ModuleDescription::invalidID() ),
  m_dqm_eventtime_range(         config.getUntrackedParameter<double>(   "dqmTimeRange"             ) ),            // ms
  m_dqm_eventtime_resolution(    config.getUntrackedParameter<double>(   "dqmTimeResolution"        ) ),            // ms
  m_dqm_pathtime_range(          config.getUntrackedParameter<double>(   "dqmPathTimeRange"         ) ),            // ms
  m_dqm_pathtime_resolution(     config.getUntrackedParameter<double>(   "dqmPathTimeResolution"    ) ),            // ms
  m_dqm_moduletime_range(        config.getUntrackedParameter<double>(   "dqmModuleTimeRange"       ) ),            // ms
  m_dqm_moduletime_resolution(   config.getUntrackedParameter<double>(   "dqmModuleTimeResolution"  ) ),            // ms
  m_dqm_path(                    config.getUntrackedParameter<std::string>("dqmPath" ) ),
  // description of the process(es)
  m_process(),
  // description of the luminosity axes
  m_dqm_luminosity(),
  // DQM - these are initialized at preStreamBeginRun(), to make sure the DQM service has been loaded
  m_stream(),
  // summary data
  m_run_summary(),
  m_job_summary(),
  m_run_summary_perprocess(),
  m_job_summary_perprocess()
{
  // enable timers if required by DQM plots
  m_enable_timing_paths     = m_enable_timing_paths         or
                              m_enable_dqm_bypath_active    or
                              m_enable_dqm_bypath_total     or
                              m_enable_dqm_bypath_overhead  or
                              m_enable_dqm_bypath_details   or
                              m_enable_dqm_bypath_counters  or
                              m_enable_dqm_bypath_exclusive;

  m_enable_timing_modules   = m_enable_timing_modules       or
                              m_enable_dqm_bymodule         or
                              m_enable_dqm_bymoduletype     or
                              m_enable_dqm_bypath_total     or
                              m_enable_dqm_bypath_overhead  or
                              m_enable_dqm_bypath_details   or
                              m_enable_dqm_bypath_counters  or
                              m_enable_dqm_bypath_exclusive;

  m_enable_timing_exclusive = m_enable_timing_exclusive     or
                              m_enable_dqm_bypath_exclusive;


  registry.watchPreallocate(        this, & FastTimerService::preallocate );
  registry.watchPreModuleBeginJob(  this, & FastTimerService::preModuleBeginJob );
  registry.watchPreGlobalBeginRun(  this, & FastTimerService::preGlobalBeginRun );
  registry.watchPreStreamBeginRun(  this, & FastTimerService::preStreamBeginRun );
  registry.watchPostStreamBeginRun( this, & FastTimerService::postStreamBeginRun );
  registry.watchPostStreamEndRun(   this, & FastTimerService::postStreamEndRun );
  registry.watchPostStreamBeginLumi(this, & FastTimerService::postStreamBeginLumi );
  registry.watchPostStreamEndLumi(  this, & FastTimerService::postStreamEndLumi );
  registry.watchPostEndJob(         this, & FastTimerService::postEndJob );
  registry.watchPostGlobalEndRun(   this, & FastTimerService::postGlobalEndRun );
  registry.watchPreSourceEvent(     this, & FastTimerService::preSourceEvent );
  registry.watchPostSourceEvent(    this, & FastTimerService::postSourceEvent );
  registry.watchPreEvent(           this, & FastTimerService::preEvent );
  registry.watchPostEvent(          this, & FastTimerService::postEvent );
  // watch per-path events
  registry.watchPrePathEvent(       this, & FastTimerService::prePathEvent );
  registry.watchPostPathEvent(      this, & FastTimerService::postPathEvent );
  // watch per-module events if enabled
  if (m_enable_timing_modules) {
    registry.watchPreModuleEvent(            this, & FastTimerService::preModuleEvent );
    registry.watchPostModuleEvent(           this, & FastTimerService::postModuleEvent );
    registry.watchPreModuleEventDelayedGet(  this, & FastTimerService::preModuleEventDelayedGet );
    registry.watchPostModuleEventDelayedGet( this, & FastTimerService::postModuleEventDelayedGet );
  }

  // if requested, reserve plots for timing vs. lumisection
  // there is no need to store the id, as it wil always be 0
  if (m_enable_dqm_byls)
    reserveLuminosityPlots("ls", "lumisection", "lumisection", config.getUntrackedParameter<uint32_t>("dqmLumiSectionsRange"), 1.);

}

FastTimerService::~FastTimerService()
{
}

// reserve plots for timing vs. luminosity
unsigned int FastTimerService::reserveLuminosityPlots(std::string const & name, std::string const & title, std::string const & label, double range, double resolution)
{
  // FIXME check that this is only called before any preStreamBeginRun
  // FIXME check that this is not called with the same "name" twice
  m_dqm_luminosity.push_back(LuminosityDescription(name, title, label, range, resolution));

  // resize the luminosity per event buffer
  for (auto & stream: m_stream)
    stream.luminosity.resize(m_dqm_luminosity.size(), 0);

  return m_dqm_luminosity.size() - 1;
}

unsigned int FastTimerService::reserveLuminosityPlots(std::string && name, std::string && title, std::string && label, double range, double resolution)
{
  // FIXME check that this is only called before any preStreamBeginRun
  // FIXME check that this is not called with the same "name" twice
  m_dqm_luminosity.push_back(LuminosityDescription(name, title, label, range, resolution));

  // resize the luminosity per event buffer
  for (auto & stream: m_stream)
    stream.luminosity.resize(m_dqm_luminosity.size(), 0);

  return m_dqm_luminosity.size() - 1;
}

// set the event luminosity
void FastTimerService::setLuminosity(unsigned int stream_id, unsigned int luminosity_id, double value)
{
  // FIXME check that the luminosity id is valid ?
  m_stream[stream_id].luminosity[luminosity_id] = value;
}

void FastTimerService::preGlobalBeginRun(edm::GlobalContext const & gc)
{
  unsigned int pid = processID(gc.processContext());
  unsigned int rid = gc.runIndex();

  edm::service::TriggerNamesService & tns = * edm::Service<edm::service::TriggerNamesService>();

  uint32_t size_p = tns.getTrigPaths().size();
  uint32_t size_e = tns.getEndPaths().size();
  uint32_t size = size_p + size_e;
  // resize the path maps
  for (auto & stream: m_stream)
    if (stream.paths.size() <= pid)
      stream.paths.resize(pid+1);
  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size_p; ++i) {
    std::string const & label = tns.getTrigPath(i);
    for (auto & stream: m_stream)
      stream.paths[pid][label].index = i;
  }
  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size_e; ++i) {
    std::string const & label = tns.getEndPath(i);
    for (auto & stream: m_stream)
      stream.paths[pid][label].index = size_p + i;
  }
  for (auto & stream: m_stream) {
    // resize the stream buffers to account the number of subprocesses
    if (stream.timing_perprocess.size() <= pid)
      stream.timing_perprocess.resize(pid+1);
    stream.timing_perprocess[pid].paths_interpaths.assign(size + 1, 0.);
    // resize the stream plots to account the number of subprocesses
    if (stream.dqm_perprocess.size() <= pid)
      stream.dqm_perprocess.resize(pid+1);
    if (stream.dqm_perprocess_byluminosity.size() <= pid)
      stream.dqm_perprocess_byluminosity.resize(pid+1);
    if (stream.dqm_paths.size() <= pid)
      stream.dqm_paths.resize(pid+1);
  }
  for (auto & summary: m_run_summary_perprocess) {
    if (summary.size() <= pid)
      summary.resize(pid+1);
    summary[pid].paths_interpaths.assign(size + 1, 0);
  }
  if (m_job_summary_perprocess.size() <= pid)
    m_job_summary_perprocess.resize(pid+1);
  m_job_summary_perprocess[pid].paths_interpaths.assign(size + 1, 0.);

  // reset the run summaries
  if (pid == 0)
    m_run_summary[rid].reset();
  m_run_summary_perprocess[rid][pid].reset(); 

  // associate to each path all the modules it contains
  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < tns.getTrigPaths().size(); ++i)
    fillPathMap( pid, tns.getTrigPath(i), tns.getTrigPathModules(i) );
  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < tns.getEndPaths().size(); ++i)
    fillPathMap( pid, tns.getEndPath(i), tns.getEndPathModules(i) );

  // cache the names of the process, and of first and last non-empty path and endpath
  if (m_process.size() <= pid)
    m_process.resize(pid+1);
  m_process[pid].name = gc.processContext()->processName();
  std::tie(m_process[pid].first_path, m_process[pid].last_path) = findFirstLast(pid, tns.getTrigPaths(), m_skip_first_path and pid == 0);
  std::tie(m_process[pid].first_endpath, m_process[pid].last_endpath) = findFirstLast(pid, tns.getEndPaths());
}

void FastTimerService::preStreamBeginRun(edm::StreamContext const & sc)
{
  std::string const & process_name = sc.processContext()->processName();
  unsigned int pid = processID(sc.processContext());
  unsigned int sid = sc.streamID().value();
  auto & stream = m_stream[sid];

  if (not m_enable_dqm)
    return;

  if (not edm::Service<DQMStore>().isAvailable()) {
    // the DQMStore is not available, disable all DQM plots
    m_enable_dqm = false;
    return;
  }

  edm::service::TriggerNamesService & tns = * edm::Service<edm::service::TriggerNamesService>();
  uint32_t size_p = tns.getTrigPaths().size();
  uint32_t size_e = tns.getEndPaths().size();
  uint32_t size = size_p + size_e;

  int eventbins  = (int) std::ceil(m_dqm_eventtime_range  / m_dqm_eventtime_resolution);
  int pathbins   = (int) std::ceil(m_dqm_pathtime_range   / m_dqm_pathtime_resolution);
  int modulebins = (int) std::ceil(m_dqm_moduletime_range / m_dqm_moduletime_resolution);

  // define a callback that can book the histograms
  auto bookTransactionCallback = [&, this] (DQMStore::IBooker & booker) {

    // event summary plots
    if (m_enable_dqm_summary) {
      // whole event
      if (pid == 0) {
        booker.setCurrentFolder(m_dqm_path);
        stream.dqm.presource     = booker.book1D("presource",    "Pre-Source processing time",    modulebins, 0., m_dqm_moduletime_range)->getTH1F();
        stream.dqm.presource     ->StatOverflows(true);
        stream.dqm.presource     ->SetXTitle("processing time [ms]");
        stream.dqm.source        = booker.book1D("source",       "Source processing time",        modulebins, 0., m_dqm_moduletime_range)->getTH1F();
        stream.dqm.source        ->StatOverflows(true);
        stream.dqm.source        ->SetXTitle("processing time [ms]");
        stream.dqm.preevent      = booker.book1D("preevent",     "Pre-Event processing time",     modulebins, 0., m_dqm_moduletime_range)->getTH1F();
        stream.dqm.preevent      ->StatOverflows(true);
        stream.dqm.preevent      ->SetXTitle("processing time [ms]");
        stream.dqm.event         = booker.book1D("event",        "Event processing time",         eventbins,  0., m_dqm_eventtime_range)->getTH1F();
        stream.dqm.event         ->StatOverflows(true);
        stream.dqm.event         ->SetXTitle("processing time [ms]");
      }

      // per subprocess
      booker.setCurrentFolder(m_dqm_path + "/process " + process_name);
      stream.dqm_perprocess[pid].preevent      = booker.book1D("preevent",     "Pre-Event processing time",     modulebins, 0., m_dqm_moduletime_range)->getTH1F();
      stream.dqm_perprocess[pid].preevent      ->StatOverflows(true);
      stream.dqm_perprocess[pid].preevent      ->SetXTitle("processing time [ms]");
      stream.dqm_perprocess[pid].event         = booker.book1D("event",        "Event processing time",         eventbins,  0., m_dqm_eventtime_range)->getTH1F();
      stream.dqm_perprocess[pid].event         ->StatOverflows(true);
      stream.dqm_perprocess[pid].event         ->SetXTitle("processing time [ms]");
      stream.dqm_perprocess[pid].all_paths     = booker.book1D("all_paths",    "Paths processing time",         eventbins,  0., m_dqm_eventtime_range)->getTH1F();
      stream.dqm_perprocess[pid].all_paths     ->StatOverflows(true);
      stream.dqm_perprocess[pid].all_paths     ->SetXTitle("processing time [ms]");
      stream.dqm_perprocess[pid].all_endpaths  = booker.book1D("all_endpaths", "EndPaths processing time",      pathbins,   0., m_dqm_pathtime_range)->getTH1F();
      stream.dqm_perprocess[pid].all_endpaths  ->StatOverflows(true);
      stream.dqm_perprocess[pid].all_endpaths  ->SetXTitle("processing time [ms]");
      stream.dqm_perprocess[pid].interpaths    = booker.book1D("interpaths",   "Time spent between paths",      pathbins,   0., m_dqm_eventtime_range)->getTH1F();
      stream.dqm_perprocess[pid].interpaths    ->StatOverflows(true);
      stream.dqm_perprocess[pid].interpaths    ->SetXTitle("processing time [ms]");
    }

    // plots by path
    if (m_enable_timing_paths) {
      booker.setCurrentFolder(m_dqm_path + "/process " + process_name);
      stream.dqm_paths[pid].active_time     = booker.bookProfile("paths_active_time",    "Additional time spent in each path", size, -0.5, size-0.5, pathbins, 0., std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(), " ")->getTProfile();
      stream.dqm_paths[pid].active_time     ->StatOverflows(true);
      stream.dqm_paths[pid].active_time     ->SetYTitle("processing time [ms]");
      stream.dqm_paths[pid].total_time      = booker.bookProfile("paths_total_time",     "Total time spent in each path",      size, -0.5, size-0.5, pathbins, 0., std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(), " ")->getTProfile();
      stream.dqm_paths[pid].total_time      ->StatOverflows(true);
      stream.dqm_paths[pid].total_time      ->SetYTitle("processing time [ms]");
      stream.dqm_paths[pid].exclusive_time  = booker.bookProfile("paths_exclusive_time", "Exclusive time spent in each path",  size, -0.5, size-0.5, pathbins, 0., std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(), " ")->getTProfile();
      stream.dqm_paths[pid].exclusive_time  ->StatOverflows(true);
      stream.dqm_paths[pid].exclusive_time  ->SetYTitle("processing time [ms]");
      stream.dqm_paths[pid].interpaths      = booker.bookProfile("paths_interpaths",     "Time spent between each path",     size+1, -0.5, size+0.5, pathbins, 0., std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(), " ")->getTProfile();
      stream.dqm_paths[pid].interpaths      ->StatOverflows(true);
      stream.dqm_paths[pid].interpaths      ->SetYTitle("processing time [ms]");

      for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size_p; ++i) {
        std::string const & label = tns.getTrigPath(i);
        stream.dqm_paths[pid].active_time    ->GetXaxis()->SetBinLabel(i + 1, label.c_str());
        stream.dqm_paths[pid].total_time     ->GetXaxis()->SetBinLabel(i + 1, label.c_str());
        stream.dqm_paths[pid].exclusive_time ->GetXaxis()->SetBinLabel(i + 1, label.c_str());
        stream.dqm_paths[pid].interpaths     ->GetXaxis()->SetBinLabel(i + 1, label.c_str());
      }
      for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size_e; ++i) {
        std::string const & label = tns.getEndPath(i);
        stream.dqm_paths[pid].active_time    ->GetXaxis()->SetBinLabel(i + size_p + 1, label.c_str());
        stream.dqm_paths[pid].total_time     ->GetXaxis()->SetBinLabel(i + size_p + 1, label.c_str());
        stream.dqm_paths[pid].exclusive_time ->GetXaxis()->SetBinLabel(i + size_p + 1, label.c_str());
        stream.dqm_paths[pid].interpaths     ->GetXaxis()->SetBinLabel(i + size_p + 1, label.c_str());
      }
      stream.dqm_paths[pid].interpaths       ->GetXaxis()->SetBinLabel(size+1, "");
    }

    // plots vs. instantaneous luminosity
    if (not m_dqm_luminosity.empty()) {
      if (pid == 0) {
        // resize the plots vs. luminosity
        stream.dqm_byluminosity.resize(m_dqm_luminosity.size());

        // whole event
        booker.setCurrentFolder(m_dqm_path);
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < m_dqm_luminosity.size(); ++i) {
          auto & plots = stream.dqm_byluminosity[i];
          int lumibins = (int) std::ceil(m_dqm_luminosity[i].range / m_dqm_luminosity[i].resolution);
          plots.presource = booker.bookProfile("presource_by" + m_dqm_luminosity[i].name,    "Pre-Source processing time vs. " + m_dqm_luminosity[i].title,   lumibins, 0., m_dqm_luminosity[i].range, pathbins,  0., std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(), " ")->getTProfile();
          plots.presource ->StatOverflows(true);
          plots.presource ->SetXTitle(m_dqm_luminosity[i].label.c_str());
          plots.presource ->SetYTitle("processing time [ms]");
          plots.source    = booker.bookProfile("source_by" + m_dqm_luminosity[i].name,       "Source processing time vs. " + m_dqm_luminosity[i].title,       lumibins, 0., m_dqm_luminosity[i].range, pathbins,  0., std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(), " ")->getTProfile();
          plots.source    ->StatOverflows(true);
          plots.source    ->SetXTitle(m_dqm_luminosity[i].label.c_str());
          plots.source    ->SetYTitle("processing time [ms]");
          plots.preevent  = booker.bookProfile("preevent_by" + m_dqm_luminosity[i].name,     "Pre-Event processing time vs. " + m_dqm_luminosity[i].title,    lumibins, 0., m_dqm_luminosity[i].range, pathbins,  0., std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(), " ")->getTProfile();
          plots.preevent  ->StatOverflows(true);
          plots.preevent  ->SetXTitle(m_dqm_luminosity[i].label.c_str());
          plots.preevent  ->SetYTitle("processing time [ms]");
          plots.event     = booker.bookProfile("event_by" + m_dqm_luminosity[i].name,        "Event processing time vs. " + m_dqm_luminosity[i].title,        lumibins, 0., m_dqm_luminosity[i].range, eventbins, 0., std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(), " ")->getTProfile();
          plots.event     ->StatOverflows(true);
          plots.event     ->SetXTitle(m_dqm_luminosity[i].label.c_str());
          plots.event     ->SetYTitle("processing time [ms]");
        }
      }

      // resize the plots vs. luminosity
      stream.dqm_perprocess_byluminosity[pid].resize(m_dqm_luminosity.size());

      // per subprocess
      booker.setCurrentFolder(m_dqm_path + "/process " + process_name);
      for (unsigned int i = 0; i < m_dqm_luminosity.size(); ++i) {
        auto & plots = stream.dqm_perprocess_byluminosity[pid][i];
        int lumibins = (int) std::ceil(m_dqm_luminosity[i].range / m_dqm_luminosity[i].resolution);
        plots.preevent     = booker.bookProfile("preevent_by" + m_dqm_luminosity[i].name,     "Pre-Event processing time vs. " + m_dqm_luminosity[i].title,    lumibins, 0., m_dqm_luminosity[i].range, pathbins,  0., std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(), " ")->getTProfile();
        plots.preevent     ->StatOverflows(true);
        plots.preevent     ->SetXTitle(m_dqm_luminosity[i].label.c_str());
        plots.preevent     ->SetYTitle("processing time [ms]");
        plots.event        = booker.bookProfile("event_by" + m_dqm_luminosity[i].name,        "Event processing time vs. " + m_dqm_luminosity[i].title,        lumibins, 0., m_dqm_luminosity[i].range, eventbins, 0., std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(), " ")->getTProfile();
        plots.event        ->StatOverflows(true);
        plots.event        ->SetXTitle(m_dqm_luminosity[i].label.c_str());
        plots.event        ->SetYTitle("processing time [ms]");
        plots.all_paths    = booker.bookProfile("all_paths_by" + m_dqm_luminosity[i].name,    "Paths processing time vs. " + m_dqm_luminosity[i].title,        lumibins, 0., m_dqm_luminosity[i].range, eventbins, 0., std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(), " ")->getTProfile();
        plots.all_paths    ->StatOverflows(true);
        plots.all_paths    ->SetXTitle(m_dqm_luminosity[i].label.c_str());
        plots.all_paths    ->SetYTitle("processing time [ms]");
        plots.all_endpaths = booker.bookProfile("all_endpaths_by" + m_dqm_luminosity[i].name, "EndPaths processing time vs. " + m_dqm_luminosity[i].title,     lumibins, 0., m_dqm_luminosity[i].range, pathbins,  0., std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(), " ")->getTProfile();
        plots.all_endpaths ->StatOverflows(true);
        plots.all_endpaths ->SetXTitle(m_dqm_luminosity[i].label.c_str());
        plots.all_endpaths ->SetYTitle("processing time [ms]");
        plots.interpaths   = booker.bookProfile("interpaths_by" + m_dqm_luminosity[i].name,   "Time spent between paths vs. " + m_dqm_luminosity[i].title,     lumibins, 0., m_dqm_luminosity[i].range, pathbins,  0., std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(), " ")->getTProfile();
        plots.interpaths   ->StatOverflows(true);
        plots.interpaths   ->SetXTitle(m_dqm_luminosity[i].label.c_str());
        plots.interpaths   ->SetYTitle("processing time [ms]");
      }
    }

    // per-path and per-module accounting
    if (m_enable_timing_paths) {
      booker.setCurrentFolder(m_dqm_path + "/process " + process_name + "/Paths");
      for (auto & keyval: stream.paths[pid]) {
        std::string const & pathname = keyval.first;
        PathInfo          & pathinfo = keyval.second;

        if (m_enable_dqm_bypath_active) {
          pathinfo.dqm_active       = booker.book1D(pathname + "_active",       pathname + " active time",            pathbins, 0., m_dqm_pathtime_range)->getTH1F();
          pathinfo.dqm_active       ->StatOverflows(true);
          pathinfo.dqm_active       ->SetXTitle("processing time [ms]");
        }

        if (m_enable_dqm_bypath_total) {
          pathinfo.dqm_total        = booker.book1D(pathname + "_total",        pathname + " total time",             pathbins, 0., m_dqm_pathtime_range)->getTH1F();
          pathinfo.dqm_total        ->StatOverflows(true);
          pathinfo.dqm_total        ->SetXTitle("processing time [ms]");
        }

        if (m_enable_dqm_bypath_overhead) {
          pathinfo.dqm_premodules   = booker.book1D(pathname + "_premodules",   pathname + " pre-modules overhead",   modulebins, 0., m_dqm_moduletime_range)->getTH1F();
          pathinfo.dqm_premodules   ->StatOverflows(true);
          pathinfo.dqm_premodules   ->SetXTitle("processing time [ms]");
          pathinfo.dqm_intermodules = booker.book1D(pathname + "_intermodules", pathname + " inter-modules overhead", modulebins, 0., m_dqm_moduletime_range)->getTH1F();
          pathinfo.dqm_intermodules ->StatOverflows(true);
          pathinfo.dqm_intermodules ->SetXTitle("processing time [ms]");
          pathinfo.dqm_postmodules  = booker.book1D(pathname + "_postmodules",  pathname + " post-modules overhead",  modulebins, 0., m_dqm_moduletime_range)->getTH1F();
          pathinfo.dqm_postmodules  ->StatOverflows(true);
          pathinfo.dqm_postmodules  ->SetXTitle("processing time [ms]");
          pathinfo.dqm_overhead     = booker.book1D(pathname + "_overhead",     pathname + " overhead time",          modulebins, 0., m_dqm_moduletime_range)->getTH1F();
          pathinfo.dqm_overhead     ->StatOverflows(true);
          pathinfo.dqm_overhead     ->SetXTitle("processing time [ms]");
        }

        if (m_enable_dqm_bypath_details or m_enable_dqm_bypath_counters) {
          // book histograms for modules-in-paths statistics

          // find histograms X-axis labels
          uint32_t id;
          std::vector<std::string> const & modules = ((id = tns.findTrigPath(pathname)) != tns.getTrigPaths().size()) ? tns.getTrigPathModules(id) :
                                                     ((id = tns.findEndPath(pathname))  != tns.getEndPaths().size())  ? tns.getEndPathModules(id)  :
                                                     std::vector<std::string>();

          // use a mutex to prevent two threads from assigning to the same element at the same time 
          static std::mutex                          dup_mutex;
          // use a tbb::concurrent_vector because growing does not invalidate existing iterators and pointers
          static tbb::concurrent_vector<std::string> dup;
          // lock, and fill the first 32 elements
          if (dup.empty()) {
            std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(dup_mutex);
            if (dup.empty()) {
              dup.resize(32);
              for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 32; ++i)
                dup[i] = (boost::format("(dup.) (%d)") % i).str();
            }
          }
          // lock, and fill as many elements as needed
          if (modules.size() > dup.size()) {
            std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(dup_mutex);
            unsigned int old_size = dup.size();
            unsigned int new_size = modules.size();
            if (new_size > old_size) {
              dup.resize(new_size);
              for (unsigned int i = old_size; i < new_size; ++i)
                dup[i] = (boost::format("(dup.) (%d)") % i).str();
            }
          }

          std::vector<const char *> labels(modules.size(), nullptr);
          for (uint32_t i = 0; i < modules.size(); ++i)
            labels[i] = (pathinfo.modules[i]) ? modules[i].c_str() : dup[i].c_str();

          // book counter histograms
          if (m_enable_dqm_bypath_counters) {
            pathinfo.dqm_module_counter = booker.book1D(pathname + "_module_counter", pathname + " module counter", modules.size() + 1, -0.5, modules.size() + 0.5)->getTH1F();
            // find module labels
            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < modules.size(); ++i)
              pathinfo.dqm_module_counter->GetXaxis()->SetBinLabel( i+1, labels[i] );
            pathinfo.dqm_module_counter->GetXaxis()->SetBinLabel( modules.size() + 1, "" );
          }
          // book detailed timing histograms
          if (m_enable_dqm_bypath_details) {
            pathinfo.dqm_module_active  = booker.book1D(pathname + "_module_active",  pathname + " module active",  modules.size(), -0.5, modules.size() - 0.5)->getTH1F();
            pathinfo.dqm_module_active  ->SetYTitle("cumulative processing time [ms]");
            pathinfo.dqm_module_total   = booker.book1D(pathname + "_module_total",   pathname + " module total",   modules.size(), -0.5, modules.size() - 0.5)->getTH1F();
            pathinfo.dqm_module_total   ->SetYTitle("cumulative processing time [ms]");
            // find module labels
            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < modules.size(); ++i) {
              pathinfo.dqm_module_active ->GetXaxis()->SetBinLabel( i+1, labels[i] );
              pathinfo.dqm_module_total  ->GetXaxis()->SetBinLabel( i+1, labels[i] );
            }
          }
        }

        // book exclusive path time histograms
        if (m_enable_dqm_bypath_exclusive) {
          pathinfo.dqm_exclusive = booker.book1D(pathname + "_exclusive", pathname + " exclusive time", pathbins, 0., m_dqm_pathtime_range)->getTH1F();
          pathinfo.dqm_exclusive ->StatOverflows(true);
          pathinfo.dqm_exclusive ->SetXTitle("processing time [ms]");
        }

      }
    }

    if (m_enable_dqm_bymodule) {
      booker.setCurrentFolder(m_dqm_path + "/Modules");
      for (auto & keyval: stream.modules) {
        std::string const & label  = keyval.first;
        ModuleInfo        & module = keyval.second;
        module.dqm_active = booker.book1D(label, label, modulebins, 0., m_dqm_moduletime_range)->getTH1F();
        module.dqm_active->StatOverflows(true);
        module.dqm_active->SetXTitle("processing time [ms]");
      }
    }

    if (m_enable_dqm_bymoduletype) {
      booker.setCurrentFolder(m_dqm_path + "/ModuleTypes");
      for (auto & keyval: stream.moduletypes) {
        std::string const & label  = keyval.first;
        ModuleInfo        & module = keyval.second;
        module.dqm_active = booker.book1D(label, label, modulebins, 0., m_dqm_moduletime_range)->getTH1F();
        module.dqm_active->StatOverflows(true);
        module.dqm_active->SetXTitle("processing time [ms]");
      }
    }

  };

  // book MonitorElement's for this stream
  edm::Service<DQMStore>()->bookTransaction(bookTransactionCallback, sc.eventID().run(), sid, m_module_id);
}


void
FastTimerService::preallocate(edm::service::SystemBounds const & bounds)
{
  m_concurrent_runs    = bounds.maxNumberOfConcurrentRuns();
  m_concurrent_streams = bounds.maxNumberOfStreams();
  m_concurrent_threads = bounds.maxNumberOfThreads();

  if (m_enable_dqm_bynproc)
    m_dqm_path += (boost::format("/Running %d processes") % m_concurrent_threads).str();

  m_run_summary.resize(m_concurrent_runs);
  m_run_summary_perprocess.resize(m_concurrent_runs);
  m_stream.resize(m_concurrent_streams);

  // assign a pseudo module id to the FastTimerService
  m_module_id = edm::ModuleDescription::getUniqueID();
  for (auto & stream: m_stream) {
    stream.fast_modules.resize(    m_module_id, nullptr);
    stream.fast_moduletypes.resize(m_module_id, nullptr);
  }

  // resize the luminosity per event buffer
  for (auto & stream: m_stream)
    stream.luminosity.resize(m_dqm_luminosity.size(), 0);
}


void
FastTimerService::postStreamBeginRun(edm::StreamContext const & sc) {
  unsigned int sid = sc.streamID().value();
  auto & stream = m_stream[sid];
  stream.timer_last_transition = FastTimer::Clock::now();
}

void
FastTimerService::postStreamEndRun(edm::StreamContext const & sc)
{
  unsigned int sid = sc.streamID().value();
  auto & stream = m_stream[sid];

  if (m_enable_dqm) {
    DQMStore * store = edm::Service<DQMStore>().operator->();
    assert(store);
    store->mergeAndResetMEsRunSummaryCache(sc.eventID().run(), sid, m_module_id);
  }

  stream.reset();
  stream.timer_last_transition = FastTimer::Clock::now();
}

void
FastTimerService::postStreamBeginLumi(edm::StreamContext const & sc) {
  unsigned int sid = sc.streamID().value();
  auto & stream = m_stream[sid];
  stream.timer_last_transition = FastTimer::Clock::now();
}

void
FastTimerService::postStreamEndLumi(edm::StreamContext const & sc) {
  unsigned int sid = sc.streamID().value();
  auto & stream = m_stream[sid];

  if (m_enable_dqm) {
    DQMStore * store = edm::Service<DQMStore>().operator->();
    assert(store);
    store->mergeAndResetMEsLuminositySummaryCache(sc.eventID().run(),sc.eventID().luminosityBlock(),sid, m_module_id);
  }

  stream.timer_last_transition = FastTimer::Clock::now();
}

void
FastTimerService::postGlobalEndRun(edm::GlobalContext const & gc)
{
  if (m_enable_timing_summary) {
    unsigned int pid = processID(gc.processContext());
    unsigned int rid = gc.runIndex();
    unsigned int run = gc.luminosityBlockID().run();
    const std::string label = (boost::format("run %d") % run).str();

    printProcessSummary(m_run_summary[rid], m_run_summary_perprocess[rid][pid], label, m_process[pid].name);

    if (pid+1 == m_process.size())
      printSummary(m_run_summary[rid], label);
  }
}

void
FastTimerService::postEndJob()
{
  if (m_enable_timing_summary) {
    const std::string label = "the whole job";
    for (unsigned int pid = 0; pid < m_process.size(); ++pid)
      printProcessSummary(m_job_summary, m_job_summary_perprocess[pid], label, m_process[pid].name);

    printSummary(m_job_summary, label);
  }
}

void
FastTimerService::printProcessSummary(Timing const & total, TimingPerProcess const & summary, std::string const & label, std::string const & process) const
{
  // print a timing summary for the run or job, for each subprocess
  std::ostringstream out;
  out << std::fixed << std::setprecision(6);
  out << "FastReport for " << label << ", process " << process << '\n';
  //out << "FastReport " << (m_use_realtime ? "(real time) " : "(CPU time)  ") << '\n';
  out << "FastReport              " << std::right << std::setw(10) << summary.preevent     / (double) total.count   << "  Pre-Event"     << '\n';
  out << "FastReport              " << std::right << std::setw(10) << summary.event        / (double) total.count   << "  Event"         << '\n';
  out << "FastReport              " << std::right << std::setw(10) << summary.all_paths    / (double) total.count   << "  all Paths"     << '\n';
  out << "FastReport              " << std::right << std::setw(10) << summary.all_endpaths / (double) total.count   << "  all EndPaths"  << '\n';
  out << "FastReport              " << std::right << std::setw(10) << summary.interpaths   / (double) total.count   << "  between paths" << '\n';
  edm::LogVerbatim("FastReport") << out.str();
}

void
FastTimerService::printSummary(Timing const & summary, std::string const & label) const
{
  // print a timing summary for the run or job
  //edm::service::TriggerNamesService & tns = * edm::Service<edm::service::TriggerNamesService>();

  std::ostringstream out;
  out << std::fixed << std::setprecision(6);
  out << "FastReport for " << label << ", over all subprocesses" << '\n';
  //out << "FastReport " << (m_use_realtime ? "(real time) " : "(CPU time)  ") << '\n';
  out << "FastReport              " << std::right << std::setw(10) << summary.presource    / (double) summary.count << "  Pre-Source"    << '\n';
  out << "FastReport              " << std::right << std::setw(10) << summary.source       / (double) summary.count << "  Source"        << '\n';
  out << "FastReport              " << std::right << std::setw(10) << summary.preevent     / (double) summary.count << "  Pre-Event"     << '\n';
  out << "FastReport              " << std::right << std::setw(10) << summary.event        / (double) summary.count << "  Event"         << '\n';
  edm::LogVerbatim("FastReport") << out.str();
}

/*
  if (m_enable_timing_modules) {
    double modules_total = 0.;
    for (auto & keyval: m_stream.modules)
      modules_total += keyval.second.summary_active;
    out << "FastReport              " << std::right << std::setw(10) << modules_total / (double) summary.count << "  all Modules"   << '\n';
  }
  out << '\n';
  if (m_enable_timing_paths and not m_enable_timing_modules) {
    //out << "FastReport " << (m_use_realtime ? "(real time) " : "(CPU time)  ")    << "     Active Path" << '\n';
    for (auto const & name: tns.getTrigPaths())
      out << "FastReport              "
          << std::right << std::setw(10) << m_stream.paths[pid][name].summary_active / (double) summary.count << "  "
          << name << '\n';
    out << '\n';
    //out << "FastReport " << (m_use_realtime ? "(real time) " : "(CPU time)  ")    << "     Active EndPath" << '\n';
    for (auto const & name: tns.getEndPaths())
      out << "FastReport              "
          << std::right << std::setw(10) << m_stream.paths[pid][name].summary_active / (double) summary.count << "  "
          << name << '\n';
  } else if (m_enable_timing_paths and m_enable_timing_modules) {
    //out << "FastReport " << (m_use_realtime ? "(real time) " : "(CPU time)  ")    << "     Active       Pre-     Inter-  Post-mods   Overhead      Total  Path" << '\n';
    for (auto const & name: tns.getTrigPaths()) {
      out << "FastReport              "
          << std::right << std::setw(10) << m_stream.paths[pid][name].summary_active        / (double) summary.count << " "
          << std::right << std::setw(10) << m_stream.paths[pid][name].summary_premodules    / (double) summary.count << " "
          << std::right << std::setw(10) << m_stream.paths[pid][name].summary_intermodules  / (double) summary.count << " "
          << std::right << std::setw(10) << m_stream.paths[pid][name].summary_postmodules   / (double) summary.count << " "
          << std::right << std::setw(10) << m_stream.paths[pid][name].summary_overhead      / (double) summary.count << " "
          << std::right << std::setw(10) << m_stream.paths[pid][name].summary_total         / (double) summary.count << "  "
          << name << '\n';
    }
    out << '\n';
    //out << "FastReport " << (m_use_realtime ? "(real time) " : "(CPU time)  ")    << "     Active       Pre-     Inter-  Post-mods   Overhead      Total  EndPath" << '\n';
    for (auto const & name: tns.getEndPaths()) {
      out << "FastReport              "
          << std::right << std::setw(10) << m_stream.paths[pid][name].summary_active        / (double) summary.count << " "
          << std::right << std::setw(10) << m_stream.paths[pid][name].summary_premodules    / (double) summary.count << " "
          << std::right << std::setw(10) << m_stream.paths[pid][name].summary_intermodules  / (double) summary.count << " "
          << std::right << std::setw(10) << m_stream.paths[pid][name].summary_postmodules   / (double) summary.count << " "
          << std::right << std::setw(10) << m_stream.paths[pid][name].summary_overhead      / (double) summary.count << " "
          << std::right << std::setw(10) << m_stream.paths[pid][name].summary_total         / (double) summary.count << "  "
          << name << '\n';
    }
  }
  out << '\n';
  if (m_enable_timing_modules) {
    //out << "FastReport " << (m_use_realtime ? "(real time) " : "(CPU time)  ")    << "     Active  Module" << '\n';
    for (auto & keyval: m_stream.modules) {
      std::string const & label  = keyval.first;
      ModuleInfo  const & module = keyval.second;
      out << "FastReport              " << std::right << std::setw(10) << module.summary_active  / (double) summary.count << "  " << label << '\n';
    }
    //out << "FastReport " << (m_use_realtime ? "(real time) " : "(CPU time)  ")    << "     Active  Module" << '\n';
    out << '\n';
    //out << "FastReport " << (m_use_realtime ? "(real time) " : "(CPU time)  ")    << "     Active  Module" << '\n';
    for (auto & keyval: m_stream.moduletypes) {
      std::string const & label  = keyval.first;
      ModuleInfo  const & module = keyval.second;
      out << "FastReport              " << std::right << std::setw(10) << module.summary_active  / (double) summary.count << "  " << label << '\n';
    }
    //out << "FastReport " << (m_use_realtime ? "(real time) " : "(CPU time)  ")    << "     Active  Module" << '\n';
  }
*/

void FastTimerService::preModuleBeginJob(edm::ModuleDescription const & module) {
  // allocate a counter for each module and module type
  for (auto & stream: m_stream) {
    if (module.id() >= stream.fast_modules.size())
      stream.fast_modules.resize(module.id() + 1, nullptr);
    if (module.id() >= stream.fast_moduletypes.size())
      stream.fast_moduletypes.resize(module.id() + 1, nullptr);

    stream.fast_modules[module.id()]     = & stream.modules[module.moduleLabel()];;
    stream.fast_moduletypes[module.id()] = & stream.moduletypes[module.moduleName()];
  }
}

void FastTimerService::preEvent(edm::StreamContext const & sc) {
  unsigned int pid = processID(sc.processContext());
  unsigned int sid = sc.streamID().value();
  auto & stream = m_stream[sid];

  // new event, reset the per-event counter
  stream.timer_event.start();

  // account the time spent between the last transition and the beginning of the event
  stream.timing_perprocess[pid].preevent = delta(stream.timer_last_transition, stream.timer_event.getStartTime());

  // clear the event counters
  stream.timing_perprocess[pid].event        = 0;
  stream.timing_perprocess[pid].all_paths    = 0;
  stream.timing_perprocess[pid].all_endpaths = 0;
  stream.timing_perprocess[pid].interpaths   = 0;
  stream.timing_perprocess[pid].paths_interpaths.assign(stream.paths[pid].size() + 1, 0);
  for (auto & keyval : stream.paths[pid]) {
    keyval.second.timer.reset();
    keyval.second.time_active       = 0.;
    keyval.second.time_exclusive    = 0.;
    keyval.second.time_premodules   = 0.;
    keyval.second.time_intermodules = 0.;
    keyval.second.time_postmodules  = 0.;
    keyval.second.time_total        = 0.;
  }

  // copy the start event timestamp as the end of the previous path
  // used by the inter-path overhead measurement
  stream.timer_last_path = stream.timer_event.getStartTime();

  // if requested, set the lumisection for timing vs. lumisection plots
  if (m_enable_dqm_byls and pid == 0)
    setLuminosity(sid, 0, sc.eventID().luminosityBlock());
}

void FastTimerService::postEvent(edm::StreamContext const & sc) {
  unsigned int pid = processID(sc.processContext());
  unsigned int sid = sc.streamID();
  unsigned int rid = sc.runIndex();
  auto & stream = m_stream[sid];

  // stop the per-event timer, and account event time
  stream.timer_event.stop();
  stream.timer_last_transition = stream.timer_event.getStopTime();
  stream.timing_perprocess[pid].event = stream.timer_event.seconds();

  // the last part of inter-path overhead is the time between the end of the last (end)path and the end of the event processing
  double interpaths = delta(stream.timer_last_path, stream.timer_event.getStopTime());
  stream.timing_perprocess[pid].interpaths += interpaths;
  stream.timing_perprocess[pid].paths_interpaths.back() = interpaths;

  {
    // prevent different threads from updating the summary information at the same time
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock_summary(m_summary_mutex);

    // keep track of the total number of events and add this event's time to the per-run and per-job summary
    m_run_summary_perprocess[rid][pid] += stream.timing_perprocess[pid];
    m_job_summary_perprocess[pid]      += stream.timing_perprocess[pid];

    // account the whole event timing details
    if (pid+1 == m_process.size()) {
      stream.timing.count    = 1;
      stream.timing.preevent = stream.timing_perprocess[0].preevent;
      stream.timing.event    = stream.timing_perprocess[0].event;
      for (unsigned int i = 1; i < m_process.size(); ++i) {
        stream.timing.event += stream.timing_perprocess[i].preevent;
        stream.timing.event += stream.timing_perprocess[i].event;
      }
      m_run_summary[rid] += stream.timing;
      m_job_summary      += stream.timing;
    }
  }

  // elaborate "exclusive" modules
  if (m_enable_timing_exclusive) {
    for (auto & keyval: stream.paths[pid]) {
      PathInfo & pathinfo = keyval.second;
      pathinfo.time_exclusive = pathinfo.time_overhead;

      for (uint32_t i = 0; i < pathinfo.last_run; ++i) {
        ModuleInfo * module = pathinfo.modules[i];
        if (module == 0)
          // this is a module occurring more than once in the same path, skip it after the first occurrence
          continue;
        if ((module->run_in_path == & pathinfo) and (module->counter == 1))
          pathinfo.time_exclusive += module->time_active;
      }
    }
  }

  // fill the information per module type
  // note: this is done here because during event processing two theads could try to update the same module type at the same time
  // note: this is done only for the last subprocess, to avoid double conuting the modules' contributions
  if ((m_enable_timing_modules) and (pid+1 == m_process.size())) {
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < stream.fast_modules.size(); ++i)
      // check for null pointers - there is no guarantee that all module ids are valid and used
      if (stream.fast_modules[i]) {
        double active = stream.fast_modules[i]->time_active;
        ModuleInfo & moduletype = * stream.fast_moduletypes[i];
        moduletype.time_active    += active;
        moduletype.summary_active += active;
      }
  }

  // fill the DQM plots from the internal buffers
  if (not m_enable_dqm)
    return;

  // fill plots for per-event time by path
  if (m_enable_timing_paths) {

    for (auto & keyval: stream.paths[pid]) {
      PathInfo & pathinfo = keyval.second;

      stream.dqm_paths[pid].active_time->Fill(pathinfo.index, pathinfo.time_active * 1000.);
      if (m_enable_dqm_bypath_active)
        pathinfo.dqm_active->Fill(pathinfo.time_active * 1000.);

      stream.dqm_paths[pid].exclusive_time->Fill(pathinfo.index, pathinfo.time_exclusive * 1000.);
      if (m_enable_dqm_bypath_exclusive)
        pathinfo.dqm_exclusive->Fill(pathinfo.time_exclusive * 1000.);

      stream.dqm_paths[pid].total_time->Fill(pathinfo.index, pathinfo.time_total * 1000.);
      if (m_enable_dqm_bypath_total)
        pathinfo.dqm_total->Fill(pathinfo.time_total * 1000.);

      // fill path overhead histograms
      if (m_enable_dqm_bypath_overhead) {
        pathinfo.dqm_premodules  ->Fill(pathinfo.time_premodules      * 1000.);
        pathinfo.dqm_intermodules->Fill(pathinfo.time_intermodules    * 1000.);
        pathinfo.dqm_postmodules ->Fill(pathinfo.time_postmodules     * 1000.);
        pathinfo.dqm_overhead    ->Fill(pathinfo.time_overhead        * 1000.);
      }

      // fill detailed timing histograms
      if (m_enable_dqm_bypath_details) {
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < pathinfo.last_run; ++i) {
          ModuleInfo * module = pathinfo.modules[i];
          // skip duplicate modules
          if (module == nullptr)
            continue;
          // fill the total time for all non-duplicate modules
          pathinfo.dqm_module_total->Fill(i, module->time_active * 1000.);
          // fill the active time only for module that have actually run in this path
          if (module->run_in_path == & pathinfo)
            pathinfo.dqm_module_active->Fill(i, module->time_active * 1000.);
        }
      }

      // fill path counter histograms
      //   - also for duplicate modules, to properly extract rejection information
      //   - fill the N+1th bin for paths accepting the event, so the FastTimerServiceClient can properly measure the last filter efficiency
      if (m_enable_dqm_bypath_counters) {
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < pathinfo.last_run; ++i)
          pathinfo.dqm_module_counter->Fill(i);
        if (pathinfo.accept)
          pathinfo.dqm_module_counter->Fill(pathinfo.modules.size());
      }

    }
  }

  // fill plots for per-event time by module
  // note: this is done only for the last subprocess, to avoid filling the same plots multiple times
  if ((m_enable_dqm_bymodule) and (pid+1 == m_process.size())) {
    for (auto & keyval : stream.modules) {
      ModuleInfo & module = keyval.second;
      module.dqm_active->Fill(module.time_active * 1000.);
    }
  }

  // fill plots for per-event time by module type
  // note: this is done only for the last subprocess, to avoid filling the same plots multiple times
  if ((m_enable_dqm_bymoduletype) and (pid+1 == m_process.size())) {
    for (auto & keyval : stream.moduletypes) {
      ModuleInfo & module = keyval.second;
      module.dqm_active->Fill(module.time_active * 1000.);
    }
  }

  // fill the interpath overhead plot
  if (m_enable_timing_paths)
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i <= stream.paths[pid].size(); ++i)
      stream.dqm_paths[pid].interpaths->Fill(i, stream.timing_perprocess[pid].paths_interpaths[i] * 1000.);

  if (m_enable_dqm_summary) {
    if (pid+1 == m_process.size())
      stream.dqm.fill(stream.timing);
    stream.dqm_perprocess[pid].fill(stream.timing_perprocess[pid]);
  }

  if (not m_dqm_luminosity.empty()) {
    if (pid+1 == m_process.size())
      for (unsigned int i = 0; i < m_dqm_luminosity.size(); ++i)
        stream.dqm_byluminosity[i].fill(stream.luminosity[i], stream.timing);
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < m_dqm_luminosity.size(); ++i)
      stream.dqm_perprocess_byluminosity[pid][i].fill(stream.luminosity[i], stream.timing_perprocess[pid]);
  }

}

void FastTimerService::preSourceEvent(edm::StreamID sid) {
  auto & stream = m_stream[sid];

  // clear the event counters
  stream.timing.reset();
  stream.timer_source.start();

  // clear the event counters
  // note: this is done here and not in preEvent to avoid clearing the counter before each subprocess
  for (auto & keyval : stream.modules) {
    keyval.second.timer.reset();
    keyval.second.time_active       = 0.;
    keyval.second.run_in_path       = nullptr;
    keyval.second.counter           = 0;
  }
  for (auto & keyval : stream.moduletypes) {
    keyval.second.timer.reset();
    keyval.second.time_active       = 0.;
    keyval.second.run_in_path       = nullptr;
    keyval.second.counter           = 0;
  }

  // account the time spent before the source
  stream.timing.presource = delta(stream.timer_last_transition, stream.timer_source.getStartTime());
}

void FastTimerService::postSourceEvent(edm::StreamID sid) {
  auto & stream = m_stream[sid];
  stream.timer_source.stop();
  stream.timer_last_transition = stream.timer_source.getStopTime();

  // account the time spent in the source
  stream.timing.source = stream.timer_source.seconds();
}


void FastTimerService::prePathEvent(edm::StreamContext const & sc, edm::PathContext const & pc) {
  std::string const & path = pc.pathName();
  unsigned int pid = processID(sc.processContext());
  unsigned int sid = sc.streamID();
  auto & stream = m_stream[sid];

  auto keyval = stream.paths[pid].find(path);
  if (keyval != stream.paths[pid].end()) {
    stream.current_path = & keyval->second;
  } else {
    // should never get here
    stream.current_path = nullptr;
    edm::LogError("FastTimerService") << "FastTimerService::prePathEvent: unexpected path " << path;
    return;
  }

  // prepare to measure the time spent between the beginning of the path and the execution of the first module
  stream.current_path->first_module = nullptr;

  // time each (end)path
  stream.current_path->timer.start();

  if (path == m_process[pid].first_path) {
    // this is the first path, start the "all paths" counter
    stream.timer_paths.setStartTime(stream.current_path->timer.getStartTime());
  } else if (path == m_process[pid].first_endpath) {
    // this is the first endpath, start the "all paths" counter
    stream.timer_endpaths.setStartTime(stream.current_path->timer.getStartTime());
  }

  // measure the inter-path overhead as the time elapsed since the end of preiovus path
  // (or the beginning of the event, if this is the first path - see preEvent)
  double interpaths = delta(stream.timer_last_path, stream.current_path->timer.getStartTime());
  stream.timing_perprocess[pid].interpaths += interpaths;
  stream.timing_perprocess[pid].paths_interpaths[stream.current_path->index] = interpaths;
}


void FastTimerService::postPathEvent(edm::StreamContext const & sc, edm::PathContext const & pc, edm::HLTPathStatus const & status) {
  std::string const & path = pc.pathName();
  unsigned int pid = processID(sc.processContext());
  unsigned int sid = sc.streamID().value();
  auto & stream = m_stream[sid];

  if (stream.current_path == nullptr) {
    edm::LogError("FastTimerService") << "FastTimerService::postPathEvent: unexpected path " << path;
    return;
  }

  // time each (end)path
  stream.current_path->timer.stop();
  stream.current_path->time_active = stream.current_path->timer.seconds();
  stream.timer_last_path = stream.current_path->timer.getStopTime();

  double active = stream.current_path->time_active;

  // if enabled, account each (end)path
  if (m_enable_timing_paths) {

    PathInfo & pathinfo = * stream.current_path;
    pathinfo.summary_active += active;

    // measure the time spent between the execution of the last module and the end of the path
    if (m_enable_timing_modules) {
      double pre      = 0.;                 // time spent before the first active module
      double inter    = 0.;                 // time spent between active modules
      double post     = 0.;                 // time spent after the last active module
      double overhead = 0.;                 // time spent before, between, or after modules
      double current  = 0.;                 // time spent in modules active in the current path
      double total    = active;             // total per-path time, including modules already run as part of other paths

      // implementation note:
      // "active"   has already measured all the time spent in this path
      // "current"  will be the sum of the time spent inside each module while running this path, so that
      // "overhead" will be active - current
      // "total"    will be active + the sum of the time spent in non-active modules

      uint32_t last_run = 0;                // index of the last module run in this path, plus one
      if (status.wasrun() and not pathinfo.modules.empty())
        last_run = status.index() + 1;      // index of the last module run in this path, plus one
      for (uint32_t i = 0; i < last_run; ++i) {
        ModuleInfo * module = pathinfo.modules[i];

        if (module == 0)
          // this is a module occurring more than once in the same path, skip it after the first occurrence
          continue;

        ++module->counter;
        if (module->run_in_path == & pathinfo) {
          current += module->time_active;
        } else {
          total   += module->time_active;
        }

      }

      if (stream.current_path->first_module == nullptr) {
        // no modules were active during this path, account all the time as overhead
        pre      = 0.;
        inter    = 0.;
        post     = active;
        overhead = active;
      } else {
        // extract overhead information
        pre      = delta(stream.current_path->timer.getStartTime(),  stream.current_path->first_module->timer.getStartTime());
        post     = delta(stream.current_module->timer.getStopTime(), stream.current_path->timer.getStopTime());
        inter    = active - pre - current - post;
        // take care of numeric precision and rounding errors - the timer is less precise than nanosecond resolution
        if (std::abs(inter) < 1e-9)
          inter = 0.;
        overhead = active - current;
        // take care of numeric precision and rounding errors - the timer is less precise than nanosecond resolution
        if (std::abs(overhead) < 1e-9)
          overhead = 0.;
      }

      pathinfo.time_premodules       = pre;
      pathinfo.time_intermodules     = inter;
      pathinfo.time_postmodules      = post;
      pathinfo.time_overhead         = overhead;
      pathinfo.time_total            = total;
      pathinfo.summary_premodules   += pre;
      pathinfo.summary_intermodules += inter;
      pathinfo.summary_postmodules  += post;
      pathinfo.summary_overhead     += overhead;
      pathinfo.summary_total        += total;
      pathinfo.last_run              = last_run;
      pathinfo.accept                = status.accept();
    }
  }

  if (path == m_process[pid].last_path) {
    // this is the last path, stop and account the "all paths" counter
    stream.timer_paths.setStopTime(stream.current_path->timer.getStopTime());
    stream.timing_perprocess[pid].all_paths = stream.timer_paths.seconds();
  } else if (path == m_process[pid].last_endpath) {
    // this is the last endpath, stop and account the "all endpaths" counter
    stream.timer_endpaths.setStopTime(stream.current_path->timer.getStopTime());
    stream.timing_perprocess[pid].all_endpaths = stream.timer_endpaths.seconds();
  }

}

void FastTimerService::preModuleEvent(edm::StreamContext const & sc, edm::ModuleCallingContext const & mcc) {
  // this is ever called only if m_enable_timing_modules = true
  assert(m_enable_timing_modules);

  if (mcc.moduleDescription() == nullptr) {
    edm::LogError("FastTimerService") << "FastTimerService::postModuleEventDelayedGet: invalid module";
    return;
  }

  edm::ModuleDescription const & md = * mcc.moduleDescription();
  unsigned int sid = sc.streamID().value();
  auto & stream = m_stream[sid];

  // time each module
  if (md.id() < stream.fast_modules.size()) {
    ModuleInfo & module = * stream.fast_modules[md.id()];
    module.run_in_path = stream.current_path;
    module.timer.start();
    stream.current_module = & module;
    // used to measure the time spent between the beginning of the path and the execution of the first module
    if (stream.current_path->first_module == nullptr)
      stream.current_path->first_module = & module;
  } else {
    // should never get here
    edm::LogError("FastTimerService") << "FastTimerService::preModuleEvent: unexpected module " << md.moduleLabel();
  }
}

void FastTimerService::postModuleEvent(edm::StreamContext const & sc, edm::ModuleCallingContext const & mcc) {
  // this is ever called only if m_enable_timing_modules = true
  assert(m_enable_timing_modules);

  if (mcc.moduleDescription() == nullptr) {
    edm::LogError("FastTimerService") << "FastTimerService::postModuleEventDelayedGet: invalid module";
    return;
  }

  edm::ModuleDescription const & md = * mcc.moduleDescription();
  unsigned int sid = sc.streamID().value();
  auto & stream = m_stream[sid];

  double active = 0.;

  // time and account each module
  if (md.id() < stream.fast_modules.size()) {
    ModuleInfo & module = * stream.fast_modules[md.id()];
    module.timer.stop();
    active = module.timer.seconds();
    module.time_active     = active;
    module.summary_active += active;
    // plots are filled post event processing
  } else {
    // should never get here
    edm::LogError("FastTimerService") << "FastTimerService::postModuleEvent: unexpected module " << md.moduleLabel();
  }
}

void FastTimerService::preModuleEventDelayedGet(edm::StreamContext const & sc, edm::ModuleCallingContext const & mcc) {
  // this is ever called only if m_enable_timing_modules = true
  assert(m_enable_timing_modules);

  if (mcc.moduleDescription() == nullptr) {
    edm::LogError("FastTimerService") << "FastTimerService::postModuleEventDelayedGet: invalid module";
    return;
  }

  edm::ModuleDescription const & md = * mcc.moduleDescription();
  unsigned int sid = sc.streamID().value();
  auto & stream = m_stream[sid];

  // if the ModuleCallingContext state is "Pefetching", the module is not running,
  // and is asking for its dependencies due to a "consumes" declaration.
  // we can ignore this signal.

  // if the ModuleCallingContext state is "Running", the module was running:
  // it declared its dependencies as "mayConsume", and is now calling getByToken/getByLabel.
  // we pause the timer for this module, and resume it later in the postModuleEventDelayedGet signal.

  // if the ModuleCallingContext state is "Invalid", we ignore the signal.

  if (mcc.state() == edm::ModuleCallingContext::State::kRunning) {
    if (md.id() < stream.fast_modules.size()) {
      ModuleInfo & module = * stream.fast_modules[md.id()];
      module.timer.pause();
    } else {
      // should never get here
      edm::LogError("FastTimerService") << "FastTimerService::preModuleEventDelayedGet: unexpected module " << md.moduleLabel();
    }
  }

}

void FastTimerService::postModuleEventDelayedGet(edm::StreamContext const & sc, edm::ModuleCallingContext const & mcc) {
  // this is ever called only if m_enable_timing_modules = true
  assert(m_enable_timing_modules);

  if (mcc.moduleDescription() == nullptr) {
    edm::LogError("FastTimerService") << "FastTimerService::postModuleEventDelayedGet: invalid module";
    return;
  }

  edm::ModuleDescription const & md = * mcc.moduleDescription();
  unsigned int sid = sc.streamID().value();
  auto & stream = m_stream[sid];

  // see the description of the possible ModuleCallingContext states in preModuleEventDelayedGet, above.
  if (mcc.state() == edm::ModuleCallingContext::State::kRunning) {
    if (md.id() < stream.fast_modules.size()) {
      ModuleInfo & module = * stream.fast_modules[md.id()];
      module.timer.resume();
    } else {
      // should never get here
      edm::LogError("FastTimerService") << "FastTimerService::postModuleEventDelayedGet: unexpected module " << md.moduleLabel();
    }
  }

}

// associate to a path all the modules it contains
void FastTimerService::fillPathMap(unsigned int pid, std::string const & name, std::vector<std::string> const & modules) {
  for (auto & stream: m_stream) {

    std::vector<ModuleInfo *> & pathmap = stream.paths[pid][name].modules;
    pathmap.clear();
    pathmap.reserve( modules.size() );
    std::unordered_set<ModuleInfo const *> pool;        // keep track of inserted modules
    for (auto const & module: modules) {
      // fix the name of negated or ignored modules
      std::string const & label = (module[0] == '!' or module[0] == '-') ? module.substr(1) : module;

      auto const & it = stream.modules.find(label);
      if (it == stream.modules.end()) {
        // no matching module was found
        pathmap.push_back( 0 );
      } else if (pool.insert(& it->second).second) {
        // new module
        pathmap.push_back(& it->second);
      } else {
        // duplicate module
        pathmap.push_back( 0 );
      }
    }

  }
}

// find the first and last non-empty paths, optionally skipping the first one
std::pair<std::string,std::string> FastTimerService::findFirstLast(unsigned int pid, std::vector<std::string> const & paths, bool skip) {
  std::vector<std::string const *> p(paths.size(), nullptr);

  // mark the empty paths
  auto address_if_non_empty = [&](std::string const & name){
    return m_stream.front().paths[pid][name].modules.empty() ? nullptr : & name;
  };
  std::transform(paths.begin(), paths.end(), p.begin(), address_if_non_empty);

  // optionally, skip the first path
  if (skip and not p.empty())
    p.erase(p.begin());

  // remove the empty paths
  p.erase(std::remove(p.begin(), p.end(), nullptr), p.end());

  // return the first and last non-empty paths, if there are any
  if (not p.empty())
    return std::make_pair(* p.front(), * p.back());
  else
    return std::make_pair(std::string(), std::string());
}

// query the current module/path/event
// Note: these functions incur in a "per-call timer overhead" (see above), currently of the order of 340ns

// return the time spent since the last preModuleEvent() event
double FastTimerService::currentModuleTime(edm::StreamID sid) const {
  return m_stream[sid].current_module->timer.secondsUntilNow();
}

// return the time spent since the last prePathEvent() event
double FastTimerService::currentPathTime(edm::StreamID sid) const {
  return m_stream[sid].current_path->timer.secondsUntilNow();
}

// return the time spent since the last preEvent() event
double FastTimerService::currentEventTime(edm::StreamID sid) const {
  return m_stream[sid].timer_event.secondsUntilNow();
}

// query the time spent in a module (available after the module has run)
double FastTimerService::queryModuleTime(edm::StreamID sid, const edm::ModuleDescription & module) const {
  if (module.id() < m_stream[sid].fast_modules.size()) {
    return m_stream[sid].fast_modules[module.id()]->time_active;
  } else {
    edm::LogError("FastTimerService") << "FastTimerService::queryModuleTime: unexpected module " << module.moduleLabel();
    return 0.;
  }
}

// query the time spent in a module (available after the module has run)
double FastTimerService::queryModuleTime(edm::StreamID sid, unsigned int id) const {
  if (id < m_stream[sid].fast_modules.size()) {
    return m_stream[sid].fast_modules[id]->time_active;
  } else {
    edm::LogError("FastTimerService") << "FastTimerService::queryModuleTime: unexpected module id " << id;
    return 0.;
  }
}

// query the time spent in a module (available after the module has run)
double FastTimerService::queryModuleTimeByLabel(edm::StreamID sid, const std::string & label) const {
  auto const & keyval = m_stream[sid].modules.find(label);
  if (keyval != m_stream[sid].modules.end()) {
    return keyval->second.time_active;
  } else {
    // module not found
    edm::LogError("FastTimerService") << "FastTimerService::queryModuleTimeByLabel: unexpected module " << label;
    return 0.;
  }
}

// query the time spent in a type of module (available after the module has run)
double FastTimerService::queryModuleTimeByType(edm::StreamID sid, const std::string & type) const {
  auto const & keyval = m_stream[sid].moduletypes.find(type);
  if (keyval != m_stream[sid].moduletypes.end()) {
    return keyval->second.time_active;
  } else {
    // module not found
    edm::LogError("FastTimerService") << "FastTimerService::queryModuleTimeByType: unexpected module type " << type;
    return 0.;
  }
}

/* FIXME re-implement taking into account subprocesses
// query the time spent in a path (available after the path has run)
double FastTimerService::queryPathActiveTime(edm::StreamID sid, const std::string & path) const {
  PathMap<PathInfo>::const_iterator keyval = m_stream[sid].paths.find(path);
  if (keyval != m_stream[sid].paths.end()) {
    return keyval->second.time_active;
  } else {
    edm::LogError("FastTimerService") << "FastTimerService::queryPathActiveTime: unexpected path " << path;
    return 0.;
  }
}

// query the time spent in a path (available after the path has run)
double FastTimerService::queryPathExclusiveTime(edm::StreamID sid, const std::string & path) const {
  PathMap<PathInfo>::const_iterator keyval = m_stream[sid].paths.find(path);
  if (keyval != m_stream[sid].paths.end()) {
    return keyval->second.time_exclusive;
  } else {
    edm::LogError("FastTimerService") << "FastTimerService::queryPathExclusiveTime: unexpected path " << path;
    return 0.;
  }
}

// query the total time spent in a path (available after the path has run)
double FastTimerService::queryPathTotalTime(edm::StreamID sid, const std::string & path) const {
  PathMap<PathInfo>::const_iterator keyval = m_stream[sid].paths.find(path);
  if (keyval != m_stream[sid].paths.end()) {
    return keyval->second.time_total;
  } else {
    edm::LogError("FastTimerService") << "FastTimerService::queryPathTotalTime: unexpected path " << path;
    return 0.;
  }
}
*/

// query the time spent in the current event's source (available during event processing)
double FastTimerService::querySourceTime(edm::StreamID sid) const {
  return m_stream[sid].timing.source;
}

// query the time spent processing the current event (available after the event has been processed)
double FastTimerService::queryEventTime(edm::StreamID sid) const {
  return m_stream[sid].timing.event;
}

/* FIXME re-implement taking into account subprocesses
// query the time spent in the current event's paths (available during endpaths)
double FastTimerService::queryPathsTime(edm::StreamID sid) const {
  return m_stream[sid].timing.all_paths;
}

// query the time spent in the current event's endpaths (available after all endpaths have run)
double FastTimerService::queryEndPathsTime(edm::StreamID sid) const {
  return m_stream[sid].timing.all_endpaths;
}
*/

// describe the module's configuration
void FastTimerService::fillDescriptions(edm::ConfigurationDescriptions & descriptions) {
  edm::ParameterSetDescription desc;
  desc.addUntracked<bool>(   "useRealTimeClock",         true);
  desc.addUntracked<bool>(   "enableTimingPaths",        true);
  desc.addUntracked<bool>(   "enableTimingModules",      true);
  desc.addUntracked<bool>(   "enableTimingExclusive",    false);
  desc.addUntracked<bool>(   "enableTimingSummary",      false);
  desc.addUntracked<bool>(   "skipFirstPath",            false),
  desc.addUntracked<bool>(   "enableDQM",                true);
  desc.addUntracked<bool>(   "enableDQMbyPathActive",    false);
  desc.addUntracked<bool>(   "enableDQMbyPathTotal",     true);
  desc.addUntracked<bool>(   "enableDQMbyPathOverhead",  false);
  desc.addUntracked<bool>(   "enableDQMbyPathDetails",   false);
  desc.addUntracked<bool>(   "enableDQMbyPathCounters",  true);
  desc.addUntracked<bool>(   "enableDQMbyPathExclusive", false);
  desc.addUntracked<bool>(   "enableDQMbyModule",        false);
  desc.addUntracked<bool>(   "enableDQMbyModuleType",    false);
  desc.addUntracked<bool>(   "enableDQMSummary",         false);
  desc.addUntracked<bool>(   "enableDQMbyLumiSection",   false);
  desc.addUntracked<bool>(   "enableDQMbyProcesses",     false);
  desc.addUntracked<double>( "dqmTimeRange",             1000. );   // ms
  desc.addUntracked<double>( "dqmTimeResolution",           5. );   // ms
  desc.addUntracked<double>( "dqmPathTimeRange",          100. );   // ms
  desc.addUntracked<double>( "dqmPathTimeResolution",       0.5);   // ms
  desc.addUntracked<double>( "dqmModuleTimeRange",         40. );   // ms
  desc.addUntracked<double>( "dqmModuleTimeResolution",     0.2);   // ms
  desc.addUntracked<uint32_t>( "dqmLumiSectionsRange",   2500  );   // ~ 16 hours
  desc.addUntracked<std::string>(   "dqmPath",           "HLT/TimerService");
  descriptions.add("FastTimerService", desc);
}

// assign a "process id" to a process, given its ProcessContext
unsigned int FastTimerService::processID(edm::ProcessContext const * context)
{
  unsigned int pid = 0;

  // iterate through the chain of ProcessContext until we reach the topmost process
  while (context->isSubProcess()) {
    context = & context->parentProcessContext();
    ++pid;
  }
  return pid;
}