EmissionVetoHook1 Class Reference

#include <EmissionVetoHook1.h>

Inheritance diagram for EmissionVetoHook1:

Public Member Functions
bool	canVetoFSREmission ()
bool	canVetoISREmission ()
bool	canVetoMPIEmission ()
bool	canVetoMPIStep ()
bool	doVetoFSREmission (int, const Pythia8::Event &e, int iSys, bool)
bool	doVetoISREmission (int, const Pythia8::Event &e, int iSys)
bool	doVetoMPIEmission (int, const Pythia8::Event &e)
bool	doVetoMPIStep (int nMPI, const Pythia8::Event &e)
	EmissionVetoHook1 (int nFinalIn, bool vetoOnIn, int vetoCountIn, int pThardModeIn, int pTemtModeIn, int emittedModeIn, int pTdefModeIn, bool MPIvetoOnIn, int VerbosityIn)
void	fatalEmissionVeto (std::string message)
int	numberVetoMPIStep ()
double	pTcalc (const Pythia8::Event &e, int i, int j, int k, int r, int xSRin)
double	pTpowheg (const Pythia8::Event &e, int i, int j, bool FSR)
double	pTpythia (const Pythia8::Event &e, int RadAfterBranch, int EmtAfterBranch, int RecAfterBranch, bool FSR)
	~EmissionVetoHook1 ()

Private Attributes
bool	accepted
int	emittedMode
int	MPIvetoOn
int	nAcceptSeq
int	nFinal
int	nFinalExt
unsigned long int	nFSRveto
unsigned long int	nISRveto
int	pTdefMode
int	pTemtMode
double	pThard
int	pThardMode
double	pTMPI
int	Verbosity
int	vetoCount
int	vetoOn

Detailed Description

Definition at line 1 of file EmissionVetoHook1.h.

Constructor & Destructor Documentation

EmissionVetoHook1::EmissionVetoHook1 ( int  nFinalIn, bool  vetoOnIn, int  vetoCountIn, int  pThardModeIn, int  pTemtModeIn, int  emittedModeIn, int  pTdefModeIn, bool  MPIvetoOnIn, int  VerbosityIn  )

inline

Definition at line 6 of file EmissionVetoHook1.h.

                                                                        :
                    nFinalExt(nFinalIn),
                    vetoOn(vetoOnIn), vetoCount(vetoCountIn),
                    pThardMode(pThardModeIn), pTemtMode(pTemtModeIn),
                    emittedMode(emittedModeIn), pTdefMode(pTdefModeIn),
                    MPIvetoOn(MPIvetoOnIn), nISRveto(0), nFSRveto(0),
                    Verbosity(VerbosityIn) {}

EmissionVetoHook1::~EmissionVetoHook1 ( )

inline

Definition at line 15 of file EmissionVetoHook1.h.

References gather_cfg::cout, nFSRveto, and nISRveto.

                      {
    std::cout << "Number of ISR vetoed = " << nISRveto << std::endl;
    std::cout << "Number of FSR vetoed = " << nFSRveto << std::endl;
  }

Member Function Documentation

bool EmissionVetoHook1::canVetoFSREmission ( )

inline

Definition at line 29 of file EmissionVetoHook1.h.

References vetoOn.

{ return vetoOn; }

bool EmissionVetoHook1::canVetoISREmission ( )

inline

Definition at line 26 of file EmissionVetoHook1.h.

References vetoOn.

{ return vetoOn; }

bool EmissionVetoHook1::canVetoMPIEmission ( )

inline

Definition at line 32 of file EmissionVetoHook1.h.

References MPIvetoOn.

{ return MPIvetoOn; }

bool EmissionVetoHook1::canVetoMPIStep ( )

inline

Definition at line 22 of file EmissionVetoHook1.h.

{ return true; }

bool EmissionVetoHook1::doVetoFSREmission	(	int	,
		const Pythia8::Event &	e,
		int	iSys,
		bool
	)

Definition at line 388 of file EmissionVetoHook1.cc.

References gather_cfg::cout, i, j, gen::k, min(), alignCSCRings::r, ntuplemaker::status, AlCaHLTBitMon_QueryRunRegistry::string, and std::swap().

                                                                                    {
  // Must be radiation from the hard system
  if (iSys != 0) return false;

  // If we already have accepted 'vetoCount' emissions in a row, do nothing
  if (vetoOn && nAcceptSeq >= vetoCount) return false;

  // Pythia radiator (before and after), emitted and recoiler (after)
  int iRecAft = e.size() - 1;
  int iEmt    = e.size() - 2;
  int iRadAft = e.size() - 3;
  int iRadBef = e[iEmt].mother1();
  if ( (e[iRecAft].status() != 52 && e[iRecAft].status() != -53) ||
       e[iEmt].status() != 51 || e[iRadAft].status() != 51) {
    e.list();
    fatalEmissionVeto(std::string("Couldn't find Pythia FSR emission"));
  }

  // Behaviour based on pTemtMode:
  //  0 - pT of emitted w.r.t. radiator before
  //  1 - std::min(pT of emitted w.r.t. all incoming/outgoing)
  //  2 - std::min(pT of all outgoing w.r.t. all incoming/outgoing)
  int xSR = (pTemtMode == 0) ? 1       : -1;
  int i   = (pTemtMode == 0) ? iRadBef : -1;
  int k   = (pTemtMode == 0) ? iRadAft : -1;
  int r   = (pTemtMode == 0) ? iRecAft : -1;

  // When pTemtMode is 0 or 1, iEmt has been selected
  double pTemt = -1.;
  if (pTemtMode == 0 || pTemtMode == 1) {
    // Which parton is emitted, based on emittedMode:
    //  0 - Pythia definition of emitted
    //  1 - Pythia definition of radiated after emission
    //  2 - Random selection of emitted or radiated after emission
    //  3 - Try both emitted and radiated after emission
    int j = iRadAft;
    if (emittedMode == 0 || (emittedMode == 2 && rndmPtr->flat() < 0.5)) j++;

    for (int jLoop = 0; jLoop < 2; jLoop++) {
      if      (jLoop == 0) pTemt = pTcalc(e, i, j, k, r, xSR);
      else if (jLoop == 1) pTemt = std::min(pTemt, pTcalc(e, i, j, k, r, xSR));
  
      // For emittedMode == 3, have tried iRadAft, now try iEmt
      if (emittedMode != 3) break;
      if (k != -1) std::swap(j, k); else j = iEmt;
    }

  // If pTemtMode is 2, then try all final-state partons as emitted
  } else if (pTemtMode == 2) {
    pTemt = pTcalc(e, i, -1, k, r, xSR);

  }

#ifdef DBGOUTPUT
  std::cout << "doVetoFSREmission: pTemt = " << pTemt << std::endl << std::endl;
#endif

  // Veto if pTemt > pThard
  if (pTemt > pThard) {
    nAcceptSeq = 0;
    nFSRveto++;
    return true;
  }

  // Else mark that an emission has been accepted and continue
  nAcceptSeq++;
  accepted = true;
  return false;
}

bool EmissionVetoHook1::doVetoISREmission	(	int	,
		const Pythia8::Event &	e,
		int	iSys
	)

Definition at line 337 of file EmissionVetoHook1.cc.

References gather_cfg::cout, i, j, gen::k, alignCSCRings::r, ntuplemaker::status, and AlCaHLTBitMon_QueryRunRegistry::string.

                                                                              {
  // Must be radiation from the hard system
  if (iSys != 0) return false;

  // If we already have accepted 'vetoCount' emissions in a row, do nothing
  if (vetoOn && nAcceptSeq >= vetoCount) return false;

  // Pythia radiator after, emitted and recoiler after.
  int iRadAft = -1, iEmt = -1, iRecAft = -1;
  for (int i = e.size() - 1; i > 0; i--) {
    if      (iRadAft == -1 && e[i].status() == -41) iRadAft = i;
    else if (iEmt    == -1 && e[i].status() ==  43) iEmt    = i;
    else if (iRecAft == -1 && e[i].status() == -42) iRecAft = i;
    if (iRadAft != -1 && iEmt != -1 && iRecAft != -1) break;
  }
  if (iRadAft == -1 || iEmt == -1 || iRecAft == -1) {
    e.list();
    fatalEmissionVeto(std::string("Couldn't find Pythia ISR emission"));
  }

  // pTemtMode == 0: pT of emitted w.r.t. radiator
  // pTemtMode == 1: std::min(pT of emitted w.r.t. all incoming/outgoing)
  // pTemtMode == 2: std::min(pT of all outgoing w.r.t. all incoming/outgoing)
  int xSR      = (pTemtMode == 0) ? 0       : -1;
  int i        = (pTemtMode == 0) ? iRadAft : -1;
  int j        = (pTemtMode != 2) ? iEmt    : -1;
  int k        = -1;
  int r        = (pTemtMode == 0) ? iRecAft : -1;
  double pTemt = pTcalc(e, i, j, k, r, xSR);

#ifdef DBGOUTPUT
  std::cout << "doVetoISREmission: pTemt = " << pTemt << std::endl << std::endl;
#endif

  // Veto if pTemt > pThard
  if (pTemt > pThard) {
    nAcceptSeq = 0;
    nISRveto++;
    return true;
  }

  // Else mark that an emission has been accepted and continue
  nAcceptSeq++;
  accepted = true;
  return false;
}

bool EmissionVetoHook1::doVetoMPIEmission	(	int	,
		const Pythia8::Event &	e
	)

Definition at line 462 of file EmissionVetoHook1.cc.

References gather_cfg::cout.

                                                                    {
  if (MPIvetoOn) {
    if (e[e.size() - 1].pT() > pTMPI) {
#ifdef DBGOUTPUT
      std::cout << "doVetoMPIEmission: pTnow = " << e[e.size() - 1].pT()
           << ", pTMPI = " << pTMPI << std::endl << std::endl;
#endif
      return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

bool EmissionVetoHook1::doVetoMPIStep	(	int	nMPI,
		const Pythia8::Event &	e
	)

Definition at line 252 of file EmissionVetoHook1.cc.

References funct::abs(), prof2calltree::count, gather_cfg::cout, first, i, prof2calltree::last, and AlCaHLTBitMon_QueryRunRegistry::string.

                                                                     {
  // Extra check on nMPI
  if (nMPI > 1) return false;

  // Find if there is a POWHEG emission. Go backwards through the
  // event record until there is a non-final particle. Also sum pT and
  // find pT_1 for possible MPI vetoing
  int count = 0, inonfinal = 0;
  double pT1 = 0., pTsum = 0.;
  for (int i = e.size() - 1; i > 0; i--) {
    inonfinal = i;
    if (e[i].isFinal()) {
      count++;
      pT1    = e[i].pT();
      pTsum += e[i].pT();
    } else break;
  }

  nFinal = nFinalExt;

  if (nFinal < 0) {      // nFinal is not specified from external, try to find out
    int first = -1, myid;
    int last = -1;
    for(int ip = 2; ip < e.size(); ip++) {
      myid = e[ip].id();
      if(abs(myid) < 6 || abs(myid) == 21) continue;
      first = ip;
      break;
    }
    if(first < 0) fatalEmissionVeto(std::string("signal particles not found"));
    for(int ip = first; ip < e.size(); ip++) {
      myid = e[ip].id();
      if(abs(myid) < 6 || abs(myid) == 21) continue;
      last = ip;
    }
    nFinal = last - inonfinal;
  }

  // Extra check that we have the correct final state
  if (count != nFinal && count != nFinal + 1)
    fatalEmissionVeto(std::string("Wrong number of final state particles in event"));

  // Flag if POWHEG radiation present and index
  bool isEmt = (count == nFinal) ? false : true;
  int  iEmt  = (isEmt) ? e.size() - 1 : -1;

  // If there is no radiation or if pThardMode is 0 then set pThard to QRen.
  if (!isEmt || pThardMode == 0) {
    pThard = infoPtr->QRen();
      
  // If pThardMode is 1 then the pT of the POWHEG emission is checked against
  // all other incoming and outgoing partons, with the minimal value taken
  } else if (pThardMode == 1) {
    pThard = pTcalc(e, -1, iEmt, -1, -1, -1);

  // If pThardMode is 2, then the pT of all final-state partons is checked
  // against all other incoming and outgoing partons, with the minimal value
  // taken
  } else if (pThardMode == 2) {
    pThard = pTcalc(e, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1);

  }

  // Find MPI veto pT if necessary
  if (MPIvetoOn) {
    pTMPI = (isEmt) ? pTsum / 2. : pT1;
  }

  if(Verbosity)
    std::cout << "doVetoMPIStep: QFac = " << infoPtr->QFac()
         << ", QRen = " << infoPtr->QRen()
         << ", pThard = " << pThard << std::endl << std::endl;

  // Initialise other variables
  accepted   = false;
  nAcceptSeq = 0;

  // Do not veto the event
  return false;
}

void EmissionVetoHook1::fatalEmissionVeto

(

std::string

message

)

Definition at line 8 of file EmissionVetoHook1.cc.

References edm::errors::Configuration, and edm::hlt::Exception.

                                                           {
  throw edm::Exception(edm::errors::Configuration,"Pythia8Interface")
    << "EmissionVeto: " << message << std::endl;
}

int EmissionVetoHook1::numberVetoMPIStep ( )

inline

Definition at line 23 of file EmissionVetoHook1.h.

{ return 1; }

double EmissionVetoHook1::pTcalc	(	const Pythia8::Event &	e,
		int	i,
		int	j,
		int	k,
		int	r,
		int	xSRin
	)

Definition at line 121 of file EmissionVetoHook1.cc.

References gather_cfg::cout, and min().

                                                                                             {

  // Loop over ISR and FSR if necessary
  double pTemt = -1., pTnow;
  int xSR1 = (xSRin == -1) ? 0 : xSRin;
  int xSR2 = (xSRin == -1) ? 2 : xSRin + 1;
  for (int xSR = xSR1; xSR < xSR2; xSR++) {
    // FSR flag
    bool FSR = (xSR == 0) ? false : true;

    // If all necessary arguments have been given, then directly calculate.
    // POWHEG ISR and FSR, need i and j.
    if ((pTdefMode == 0 || pTdefMode == 1) && i > 0 && j > 0) {
      pTemt = pTpowheg(e, i, j, (pTdefMode == 0) ? false : FSR);

    // Pythia ISR, need i, j and r.
    } else if (!FSR && pTdefMode == 2 && i > 0 && j > 0 && r > 0) {
      pTemt = pTpythia(e, i, j, r, FSR);

    // Pythia FSR, need k, j and r.
    } else if (FSR && pTdefMode == 2 && j > 0 && k > 0 && r > 0) {
      pTemt = pTpythia(e, k, j, r, FSR);

    // Otherwise need to try all possible combintations.
    } else {
      // Start by finding incoming legs to the hard system after
      // branching (radiator after branching, i for ISR).
      // Use partonSystemsPtr to find incoming just prior to the
      // branching and track mothers.
      int iInA = partonSystemsPtr->getInA(0);
      int iInB = partonSystemsPtr->getInB(0);
      while (e[iInA].mother1() != 1) { iInA = e[iInA].mother1(); }
      while (e[iInB].mother1() != 2) { iInB = e[iInB].mother1(); }

      // If we do not have j, then try all final-state partons
      int jNow = (j > 0) ? j : 0;
      int jMax = (j > 0) ? j + 1 : e.size();
      for (; jNow < jMax; jNow++) {

        // Final-state and coloured jNow or photon only
        if (!e[jNow].isFinal()) continue;
        if (e[jNow].colType() == 0 && e[jNow].id() != 22) continue;

        // POWHEG
        if (pTdefMode == 0 || pTdefMode == 1) {

          // ISR - only done once as just kinematical pT
          if (!FSR) {
            pTnow = pTpowheg(e, iInA, jNow, (pTdefMode == 0) ? false : FSR);
            if (pTnow > 0.) pTemt = (pTemt < 0) ? pTnow : std::min(pTemt, pTnow);
  
          // FSR - try all outgoing partons from system before branching 
          // as i. Note that for the hard system, there is no 
          // "before branching" information.
          } else {
    
            int outSize = partonSystemsPtr->sizeOut(0);
            for (int iMem = 0; iMem < outSize; iMem++) {
              int iNow = partonSystemsPtr->getOut(0, iMem);

              // Coloured only, i != jNow and no carbon copies
              if (iNow == jNow || e[iNow].colType() == 0) continue;
              if (jNow == e[iNow].daughter1() 
                  && jNow == e[iNow].daughter2()) continue;

              pTnow = pTpowheg(e, iNow, jNow, (pTdefMode == 0) 
                ? false : FSR);
              if (pTnow > 0.) pTemt = (pTemt < 0) 
                ? pTnow : std::min(pTemt, pTnow);
            } // for (iMem)
  
          } // if (!FSR)
  
        // Pythia
        } else if (pTdefMode == 2) {
  
          // ISR - other incoming as recoiler
          if (!FSR) {
            pTnow = pTpythia(e, iInA, jNow, iInB, FSR);
            if (pTnow > 0.) pTemt = (pTemt < 0) ? pTnow : std::min(pTemt, pTnow);
            pTnow = pTpythia(e, iInB, jNow, iInA, FSR);
            if (pTnow > 0.) pTemt = (pTemt < 0) ? pTnow : std::min(pTemt, pTnow);
  
          // FSR - try all final-state coloured partons as radiator
          //       after emission (k).
          } else {
            for (int kNow = 0; kNow < e.size(); kNow++) {
              if (kNow == jNow || !e[kNow].isFinal() ||
                  e[kNow].colType() == 0) continue;
  
              // For this kNow, need to have a recoiler.
              // Try two incoming.
              pTnow = pTpythia(e, kNow, jNow, iInA, FSR);
              if (pTnow > 0.) pTemt = (pTemt < 0) 
                ? pTnow : std::min(pTemt, pTnow);
              pTnow = pTpythia(e, kNow, jNow, iInB, FSR);
              if (pTnow > 0.) pTemt = (pTemt < 0) 
                ? pTnow : std::min(pTemt, pTnow);

              // Try all other outgoing.
              for (int rNow = 0; rNow < e.size(); rNow++) {
                if (rNow == kNow || rNow == jNow ||
                    !e[rNow].isFinal() || e[rNow].colType() == 0) continue;
                pTnow = pTpythia(e, kNow, jNow, rNow, FSR);
                if (pTnow > 0.) pTemt = (pTemt < 0) 
                  ? pTnow : std::min(pTemt, pTnow);
              } // for (rNow)
  
            } // for (kNow)
          } // if (!FSR)
        } // if (pTdefMode)
      } // for (j)
    }
  } // for (xSR)

#ifdef DBGOUTPUT
  std::cout << "pTcalc: i = " << i << ", j = " << j << ", k = " << k
       << ", r = " << r << ", xSR = " << xSRin
       << ", pTemt = " << pTemt << std::endl;
#endif

  return pTemt;
}

double EmissionVetoHook1::pTpowheg	(	const Pythia8::Event &	e,
		int	i,
		int	j,
		bool	FSR
	)

Definition at line 78 of file EmissionVetoHook1.cc.

References gather_cfg::cout, alignCSCRings::e, j, AlCaHLTBitMon_ParallelJobs::p, and mathSSE::sqrt().

                                                                                {

  // pT value for FSR and ISR
  double pTnow = 0.;
  if (FSR) {
    // POWHEG d_ij (in CM frame). Note that the incoming beams have not
    // been updated in the parton systems pointer yet (i.e. prior to any
    // potential recoil).
    int iInA = partonSystemsPtr->getInA(0);
    int iInB = partonSystemsPtr->getInB(0);
    double betaZ = - ( e[iInA].pz() + e[iInB].pz() ) /
                     ( e[iInA].e()  + e[iInB].e()  );
    Pythia8::Vec4 iVecBst(e[i].p()), jVecBst(e[j].p());
    iVecBst.bst(0., 0., betaZ);
    jVecBst.bst(0., 0., betaZ);
    pTnow = sqrt( (iVecBst + jVecBst).m2Calc() *
                  iVecBst.e() * jVecBst.e() /
                  Pythia8::pow2(iVecBst.e() + jVecBst.e()) );

  } else {
    // POWHEG pT_ISR is just kinematic pT
    pTnow = e[j].pT();
  }

  // Check result
  if (pTnow < 0.) {
    std::cout << "Warning: pTpowheg was negative" << std::endl;
    return -1.;
  }

#ifdef DBGOUTPUT
  std::cout << "pTpowheg: i = " << i << ", j = " << j
       << ", pTnow = " << pTnow << std::endl;
#endif

   return pTnow;
}

double EmissionVetoHook1::pTpythia	(	const Pythia8::Event &	e,
		int	RadAfterBranch,
		int	EmtAfterBranch,
		int	RecAfterBranch,
		bool	FSR
	)

Definition at line 21 of file EmissionVetoHook1.cc.

References funct::abs(), gather_cfg::cout, mathSSE::sqrt(), and detailsBasic3DVector::z.

                                                                                     {

  // Convenient shorthands for later
  Pythia8::Vec4 radVec = e[RadAfterBranch].p();
  Pythia8::Vec4 emtVec = e[EmtAfterBranch].p();
  Pythia8::Vec4 recVec = e[RecAfterBranch].p();
  int  radID  = e[RadAfterBranch].id();

  // Calculate virtuality of splitting
  double sign = (FSR) ? 1. : -1.;
  Pythia8::Vec4 Q(radVec + sign * emtVec); 
  double Qsq = sign * Q.m2Calc();

  // Mass term of radiator
  double m2Rad = (abs(radID) >= 4 && abs(radID) < 7) ?
                  Pythia8::pow2(particleDataPtr->m0(radID)) : 0.;

  // z values for FSR and ISR
  double z, pTnow;
  if (FSR) {
    // Construct 2 -> 3 variables
    Pythia8::Vec4 sum = radVec + recVec + emtVec;
    double m2Dip = sum.m2Calc();
    double x1 = 2. * (sum * radVec) / m2Dip;
    double x3 = 2. * (sum * emtVec) / m2Dip;
    z     = x1 / (x1 + x3);
    pTnow = z * (1. - z);

  } else {
    // Construct dipoles before/after splitting
    Pythia8::Vec4 qBR(radVec - emtVec + recVec);
    Pythia8::Vec4 qAR(radVec + recVec);
    z     = qBR.m2Calc() / qAR.m2Calc();
    pTnow = (1. - z);
  }

  // Virtuality with correct sign
  pTnow *= (Qsq - sign * m2Rad);

  // Can get negative pT for massive splittings
  if (pTnow < 0.) {
    std::cout << "Warning: pTpythia was negative" << std::endl;
    return -1.;
  }

#ifdef DBGOUTPUT
  std::cout << "pTpythia: rad = " << RadAfterBranch << ", emt = "
       << EmtAfterBranch << ", rec = " << RecAfterBranch
       << ", pTnow = " << sqrt(pTnow) << std::endl;
#endif

  // Return pT
  return sqrt(pTnow);
}

Member Data Documentation

bool EmissionVetoHook1::accepted

private

Definition at line 51 of file EmissionVetoHook1.h.

int EmissionVetoHook1::emittedMode

private

Definition at line 47 of file EmissionVetoHook1.h.

int EmissionVetoHook1::MPIvetoOn

private

Definition at line 47 of file EmissionVetoHook1.h.

Referenced by canVetoMPIEmission().

int EmissionVetoHook1::nAcceptSeq

private

Definition at line 53 of file EmissionVetoHook1.h.

int EmissionVetoHook1::nFinal

private

Definition at line 49 of file EmissionVetoHook1.h.

int EmissionVetoHook1::nFinalExt

private

Definition at line 47 of file EmissionVetoHook1.h.

unsigned long int EmissionVetoHook1::nFSRveto

private

Definition at line 55 of file EmissionVetoHook1.h.

Referenced by ~EmissionVetoHook1().

unsigned long int EmissionVetoHook1::nISRveto

private

Definition at line 55 of file EmissionVetoHook1.h.

Referenced by ~EmissionVetoHook1().

int EmissionVetoHook1::pTdefMode

private

Definition at line 47 of file EmissionVetoHook1.h.

int EmissionVetoHook1::pTemtMode

private

Definition at line 47 of file EmissionVetoHook1.h.

double EmissionVetoHook1::pThard

private

Definition at line 50 of file EmissionVetoHook1.h.

int EmissionVetoHook1::pThardMode

private

Definition at line 47 of file EmissionVetoHook1.h.

double EmissionVetoHook1::pTMPI

private

Definition at line 50 of file EmissionVetoHook1.h.

int EmissionVetoHook1::Verbosity

private

Definition at line 56 of file EmissionVetoHook1.h.

int EmissionVetoHook1::vetoCount

private

Definition at line 47 of file EmissionVetoHook1.h.

int EmissionVetoHook1::vetoOn

private

Definition at line 47 of file EmissionVetoHook1.h.

Referenced by canVetoFSREmission(), and canVetoISREmission().