ConstantStepOdeSolver Class Reference

#include <ConstantStepOdeSolver.h>

Inheritance diagram for ConstantStepOdeSolver:

Public Member Functions
	ConstantStepOdeSolver ()
	ConstantStepOdeSolver (const AbsODERHS &rhs)
	ConstantStepOdeSolver (const ConstantStepOdeSolver &r)
double	getCoordinate (const unsigned which, const unsigned idx) const
double	getIntegrated (unsigned which, unsigned idx) const
double	getPeakTime (unsigned which) const
const AbsODERHS *	getRHS () const
AbsODERHS *	getRHS ()
double	getTime (const unsigned idx) const
double	interpolateCoordinate (unsigned which, double t, bool cubic=false) const
double	interpolateIntegrated (unsigned which, double t, bool cubic=false) const
double	lastDeltaT () const
unsigned	lastDim () const
double	lastMaxT () const
unsigned	lastRunLength () const
virtual const char *	methodName () const =0
ConstantStepOdeSolver &	operator= (const ConstantStepOdeSolver &r)
void	run (const double *initialConditions, unsigned lenConditions, double dt, unsigned nSteps)
void	setHistory (double dt, const double *data, unsigned dim, unsigned runLen)
void	setRHS (const AbsODERHS &rhs)
void	truncateCoordinate (unsigned which, double minValue, double maxValue)
void	writeHistory (std::ostream &os, double dt, bool cubic=false) const
void	writeIntegrated (std::ostream &os, unsigned which, double dt, bool cubic=false) const
virtual	~ConstantStepOdeSolver ()

Protected Attributes
AbsODERHS *	rhs_

Private Member Functions
void	integrateCoordinate (const unsigned which)
virtual void	step (double t, double dt, const double *x, unsigned lenX, double *coordIncrement) const =0

Private Attributes
std::vector< double >	chargeBuffer_
unsigned	dim_
double	dt_
std::vector< double >	historyBuffer_
unsigned	lastIntegrated_
unsigned	runLen_

Detailed Description

Definition at line 14 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.h.

Constructor & Destructor Documentation

ConstantStepOdeSolver() [1/3]

ConstantStepOdeSolver::ConstantStepOdeSolver ( )

inline

Definition at line 16 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.h.

: rhs_(nullptr), dt_(0.0), dim_(0), runLen_(0), lastIntegrated_(0) {}

ConstantStepOdeSolver() [2/3]

ConstantStepOdeSolver::ConstantStepOdeSolver ( const AbsODERHS &  rhs )

inline

Definition at line 18 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.h.

References AbsODERHS::clone(), and rhs_.

      : rhs_(nullptr), dt_(0.0), dim_(0), runLen_(0), lastIntegrated_(0) {
    rhs_ = rhs.clone();
  }

ConstantStepOdeSolver() [3/3]

ConstantStepOdeSolver::ConstantStepOdeSolver

(

const ConstantStepOdeSolver &

r

)

Definition at line 116 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.cc.

References alignCSCRings::r, and rhs_.

    : rhs_(nullptr),
      dt_(r.dt_),
      dim_(r.dim_),
      runLen_(r.runLen_),
      lastIntegrated_(r.lastIntegrated_),
      historyBuffer_(r.historyBuffer_),
      chargeBuffer_(r.chargeBuffer_) {
  if (r.rhs_)
    rhs_ = r.rhs_->clone();
}

~ConstantStepOdeSolver()

virtual ConstantStepOdeSolver::~ConstantStepOdeSolver ( )

inlinevirtual

Definition at line 27 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.h.

References rhs_.

{ delete rhs_; }

Member Function Documentation

getCoordinate()

double ConstantStepOdeSolver::getCoordinate ( const unsigned  which, const unsigned  idx  ) const

inline

Definition at line 49 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.h.

References dim_, Exception, historyBuffer_, heavyIonCSV_trainingSettings::idx, runLen_, and eostools::which().

Referenced by writeHistory().

                                                                              {
    if (which >= dim_ || idx >= runLen_)
      throw cms::Exception("In ConstantStepOdeSolver::getCoordinate: index out of range");
    return historyBuffer_[dim_ * idx + which];
  }

getIntegrated()

double ConstantStepOdeSolver::getIntegrated	(	unsigned	which,
		unsigned	idx
	)		const

Definition at line 35 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.cc.

References chargeBuffer_, dim_, Exception, heavyIonCSV_trainingSettings::idx, lastIntegrated_, runLen_, and eostools::which().

Referenced by writeIntegrated().

                                                                                          {
  if (which >= dim_ || idx >= runLen_)
    throw cms::Exception("In ConstantStepOdeSolver::getIntegrated: index out of range");
  if (lastIntegrated_ != which)
    (const_cast<ConstantStepOdeSolver*>(this))->integrateCoordinate(which);
  return chargeBuffer_[idx];
}

getPeakTime()

double ConstantStepOdeSolver::getPeakTime

(

unsigned

which

)

const

Definition at line 9 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.cc.

References dim_, dt_, Exception, historyBuffer_, mps_fire::i, MainPageGenerator::l, alignCSCRings::r, runLen_, mitigatedMETSequence_cff::U, and eostools::which().

Referenced by QIE8Simulator::preampPeakTime().

                                                                    {
  if (which >= dim_)
    throw cms::Exception("In ConstantStepOdeSolver::getPeakTime: index out of range");
  if (runLen_ < 3)
    throw cms::Exception("In ConstantStepOdeSolver::getPeakTime: not enough data");

  const double* hbuf = &historyBuffer_[which];
  double maxval = hbuf[0];
  unsigned maxind = 0;
  for (unsigned i = 1; i < runLen_; ++i)
    if (hbuf[dim_ * i] > maxval) {
      maxval = hbuf[dim_ * i];
      maxind = i;
    }
  if (maxind == 0U)
    return 0.0;
  if (maxind == runLen_ - 1U)
    return dt_ * maxind;
  const double l = hbuf[dim_ * (maxind - 1U)];
  const double r = hbuf[dim_ * (maxind + 1U)];
  if (l < maxval || r < maxval)
    return dt_ * (maxind + (l - r) / 2.0 / (l + r - 2.0 * maxval));
  else
    return dt_ * maxind;
}

getRHS() [1/2]

const AbsODERHS* ConstantStepOdeSolver::getRHS ( ) const

inline

Definition at line 34 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.h.

References rhs_.

Referenced by QIE8Simulator::getRHS(), and QIE8Simulator::modifiableRHS().

{ return rhs_; }

getRHS() [2/2]

AbsODERHS* ConstantStepOdeSolver::getRHS ( )

inline

Definition at line 35 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.h.

References rhs_.

{ return rhs_; }

getTime()

double ConstantStepOdeSolver::getTime ( const unsigned  idx ) const

inline

Definition at line 43 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.h.

References dt_, Exception, heavyIonCSV_trainingSettings::idx, and runLen_.

Referenced by writeHistory(), and writeIntegrated().

                                                  {
    if (idx >= runLen_)
      throw cms::Exception("In ConstantStepOdeSolver::getTime: index out of range");
    return idx * dt_;
  }

integrateCoordinate()

void ConstantStepOdeSolver::integrateCoordinate ( const unsigned  which )

private

Definition at line 43 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.cc.

References chargeBuffer_, dim_, dt_, Exception, historyBuffer_, mps_fire::i, lastIntegrated_, runLen_, mitigatedMETSequence_cff::U, and eostools::which().

                                                                    {
  if (runLen_ < 4)
    throw cms::Exception("In ConstantStepOdeSolver::integrateCoordinate: not enough data");
  if (chargeBuffer_.size() < runLen_)
    chargeBuffer_.resize(runLen_);
  double* integ = &chargeBuffer_[0];
  const double* coord = &historyBuffer_[which];

  integ[0] = 0.0;
  integ[1] = coord[dim_ * 0] * (3.0 / 8.0) + coord[dim_ * 1] * (19.0 / 24.0) + coord[dim_ * 2] * (-5.0 / 24.0) +
             coord[dim_ * 3] * (1.0 / 24.0);
  long double sum = integ[1];
  const unsigned rlenm1 = runLen_ - 1U;
  for (unsigned i = 2; i < rlenm1; ++i) {
    sum += (coord[dim_ * (i - 2U)] * (-1.0 / 24.0) + coord[dim_ * (i - 1U)] * (13.0 / 24.0) +
            coord[dim_ * i] * (13.0 / 24.0) + coord[dim_ * (i + 1U)] * (-1.0 / 24.0));
    integ[i] = sum;
  }
  sum += (coord[dim_ * rlenm1] * (3.0 / 8.0) + coord[dim_ * (rlenm1 - 1U)] * (19.0 / 24.0) +
          coord[dim_ * (rlenm1 - 2U)] * (-5.0 / 24.0) + coord[dim_ * (rlenm1 - 3U)] * (1.0 / 24.0));
  integ[rlenm1] = sum;
  if (dt_ != 1.0)
    for (unsigned i = 1; i < runLen_; ++i)
      integ[i] *= dt_;
  lastIntegrated_ = which;
}

interpolateCoordinate()

double ConstantStepOdeSolver::interpolateCoordinate	(	unsigned	which,
		double	t,
		bool	cubic = false
	)		const

Definition at line 159 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.cc.

References newFWLiteAna::base, dim_, dt_, Exception, historyBuffer_, interpolateLinear(), runLen_, submitPVValidationJobs::t, mitigatedMETSequence_cff::U, eostools::which(), and x.

Referenced by QIE8Simulator::controlOutput(), QIE8Simulator::getCharge(), QIE8Simulator::preampOutput(), and writeHistory().

                                                                                                                {
  if (which >= dim_)
    throw cms::Exception("In ConstantStepOdeSolver::interpolateCoordinate: index out of range");
  if (runLen_ < 2U || (cubic && runLen_ < 4U))
    throw cms::Exception("In ConstantStepOdeSolver::interpolateCoordinate: not enough data");
  const double maxt = runLen_ ? dt_ * (runLen_ - 1U) : 0.0;
  if (t < 0.0 || t > maxt)
    throw cms::Exception("In ConstantStepOdeSolver::interpolateCoordinate: time out of range");

  const double* arr = &historyBuffer_[0];
  if (t == 0.0)
    return arr[which];
  else if (t == maxt)
    return arr[which + dim_ * (runLen_ - 1U)];

  // Translate time into timestep units
  const double tSteps = t / dt_;
  unsigned nLow = tSteps;
  if (nLow >= runLen_ - 1)
    nLow = runLen_ - 2;
  double x = tSteps - nLow;

  if (cubic) {
    unsigned i0 = 0;
    if (nLow == runLen_ - 2) {
      i0 = nLow - 2U;
      x += 2.0;
    } else if (nLow) {
      i0 = nLow - 1U;
      x += 1.0;
    }
    const double* base = arr + (which + dim_ * i0);
    return interpolateLinear(x * (3.0 - x) / 2.0,
                             interpolateLinear(x / 3.0, base[0], base[dim_ * 3]),
                             interpolateLinear(x - 1.0, base[dim_], base[dim_ * 2]));
  } else
    return interpolateLinear(x, arr[which + dim_ * nLow], arr[which + dim_ * (nLow + 1U)]);
}

interpolateIntegrated()

double ConstantStepOdeSolver::interpolateIntegrated	(	unsigned	which,
		double	t,
		bool	cubic = false
	)		const

Definition at line 198 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.cc.

References newFWLiteAna::base, visDQMUpload::buf, chargeBuffer_, dim_, dt_, Exception, interpolateLinear(), lastIntegrated_, runLen_, submitPVValidationJobs::t, mitigatedMETSequence_cff::U, eostools::which(), and x.

Referenced by QIE8Simulator::getCharge(), and writeIntegrated().

                                                                                                                {
  if (which >= dim_)
    throw cms::Exception("In ConstantStepOdeSolver::interpolateIntegrated: index out of range");
  if (runLen_ < 2U || (cubic && runLen_ < 4U))
    throw cms::Exception("In ConstantStepOdeSolver::interpolateIntegrated: not enough data");
  const double maxt = runLen_ ? dt_ * (runLen_ - 1U) : 0.0;
  if (t < 0.0 || t > maxt)
    throw cms::Exception("In ConstantStepOdeSolver::interpolateIntegrated: time out of range");
  if (lastIntegrated_ != which)
    (const_cast<ConstantStepOdeSolver*>(this))->integrateCoordinate(which);

  const double* buf = &chargeBuffer_[0];
  if (t == 0.0)
    return buf[0];
  else if (t == maxt)
    return buf[runLen_ - 1U];

  // Translate time into timestep units
  const double tSteps = t / dt_;
  unsigned nLow = tSteps;
  if (nLow >= runLen_ - 1)
    nLow = runLen_ - 2;
  double x = tSteps - nLow;

  if (cubic) {
    unsigned i0 = 0;
    if (nLow == runLen_ - 2) {
      i0 = nLow - 2U;
      x += 2.0;
    } else if (nLow) {
      i0 = nLow - 1U;
      x += 1.0;
    }
    const double* base = buf + i0;
    return interpolateLinear(x * (3.0 - x) / 2.0,
                             interpolateLinear(x / 3.0, base[0], base[3]),
                             interpolateLinear(x - 1.0, base[1], base[2]));
  } else
    return interpolateLinear(x, buf[nLow], buf[nLow + 1U]);
}

lastDeltaT()

double ConstantStepOdeSolver::lastDeltaT ( ) const

inline

Definition at line 40 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.h.

References dt_.

{ return dt_; }

lastDim()

unsigned ConstantStepOdeSolver::lastDim ( ) const

inline

Definition at line 38 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.h.

References dim_.

{ return dim_; }

lastMaxT()

double ConstantStepOdeSolver::lastMaxT ( ) const

inline

Definition at line 41 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.h.

References dt_, runLen_, and mitigatedMETSequence_cff::U.

Referenced by QIE8Simulator::lastStopTime(), QIE8Simulator::run(), writeHistory(), and writeIntegrated().

{ return runLen_ ? dt_ * (runLen_ - 1U) : 0.0; }

lastRunLength()

unsigned ConstantStepOdeSolver::lastRunLength ( ) const

inline

Definition at line 39 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.h.

References runLen_.

{ return runLen_; }

methodName()

virtual const char* ConstantStepOdeSolver::methodName ( ) const

pure virtual

Implemented in RK4, RK2, and EulerOdeSolver.

Referenced by writeHistory(), and writeIntegrated().

operator=()

ConstantStepOdeSolver & ConstantStepOdeSolver::operator=

(

const ConstantStepOdeSolver &

r

)

Definition at line 128 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.cc.

References chargeBuffer_, dim_, dt_, historyBuffer_, lastIntegrated_, alignCSCRings::r, rhs_, and runLen_.

                                                                                      {
  if (this != &r) {
    delete rhs_;
    rhs_ = nullptr;
    dt_ = r.dt_;
    dim_ = r.dim_;
    runLen_ = r.runLen_;
    lastIntegrated_ = r.lastIntegrated_;
    historyBuffer_ = r.historyBuffer_;
    chargeBuffer_ = r.chargeBuffer_;
    if (r.rhs_)
      rhs_ = r.rhs_->clone();
  }
  return *this;
}

run()

void ConstantStepOdeSolver::run	(	const double *	initialConditions,
		unsigned	lenConditions,
		double	dt,
		unsigned	nSteps
	)

Definition at line 260 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.cc.

References cms::cuda::assert(), dim_, dt, dt_, Exception, historyBuffer_, mps_fire::i, lastIntegrated_, GetRecoTauVFromDQM_MC_cff::next, rhs_, runLen_, step(), submitPVValidationJobs::t, and mitigatedMETSequence_cff::U.

Referenced by DTWorkflow.DTWorkflow::all(), Types.EventID::cppID(), Types.LuminosityBlockID::cppID(), o2olib.O2OTool::execute(), and QIE8Simulator::run().

                                                       {
  if (!nSteps || !lenInitialConditions)
    return;
  if (!rhs_)
    throw cms::Exception("In ConstantStepOdeSolver::run: ODE right hand side has not been set");
  if (dt <= 0.0)
    throw cms::Exception("In ConstantStepOdeSolver::run: can not run backwards in time");
  assert(initialConditions);
  dt_ = dt;
  dim_ = lenInitialConditions;
  lastIntegrated_ = dim_;
  runLen_ = nSteps + 1U;
  const unsigned sz = (runLen_ + 1U) * dim_;
  if (historyBuffer_.size() < sz)
    historyBuffer_.resize(sz);
  double* arr = &historyBuffer_[0];
  for (unsigned i = 0; i < lenInitialConditions; ++i)
    arr[i] = initialConditions[i];
  double* stepBuffer = arr + runLen_ * dim_;

  for (unsigned i = 0; i < nSteps; ++i, arr += lenInitialConditions) {
    const double t = i * dt;
    this->step(t, dt, arr, lenInitialConditions, stepBuffer);
    double* next = arr + lenInitialConditions;
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < lenInitialConditions; ++i)
      next[i] = arr[i] + stepBuffer[i];
  }
}

setHistory()

void ConstantStepOdeSolver::setHistory	(	double	dt,
		const double *	data,
		unsigned	dim,
		unsigned	runLen
	)

Definition at line 239 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.cc.

References cms::cuda::assert(), data, dim_, dt, dt_, Exception, historyBuffer_, mps_fire::i, lastIntegrated_, runLen_, and mitigatedMETSequence_cff::U.

Referenced by QIE8Simulator::run().

                                                                                                                     {
  const unsigned len = dim * runLen;
  if (!len)
    return;
  if (dt <= 0.0)
    throw cms::Exception("In ConstantStepOdeSolver::setHistory: can not run backwards in time");
  assert(data);
  const unsigned sz = dim * (runLen + 1U);
  if (historyBuffer_.size() < sz)
    historyBuffer_.resize(sz);
  dt_ = dt;
  dim_ = dim;
  runLen_ = runLen;
  lastIntegrated_ = dim_;
  double* arr = &historyBuffer_[0];
  for (unsigned i = 0; i < len; ++i)
    *arr++ = *data++;
  for (unsigned i = 0; i < dim; ++i)
    *arr++ = 0.0;
}

setRHS()

void ConstantStepOdeSolver::setRHS ( const AbsODERHS &  rhs )

inline

Definition at line 30 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.h.

References AbsODERHS::clone(), and rhs_.

Referenced by QIE8Simulator::setRHS().

                                           {
    delete rhs_;
    rhs_ = rhs.clone();
  }

step()

virtual void ConstantStepOdeSolver::step ( double  t, double  dt, const double *  x, unsigned  lenX, double *  coordIncrement  ) const

privatepure virtual

Implemented in RK4, RK2, and EulerOdeSolver.

Referenced by run().

truncateCoordinate()

void ConstantStepOdeSolver::truncateCoordinate	(	unsigned	which,
		double	minValue,
		double	maxValue
	)

Definition at line 144 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.cc.

References visDQMUpload::buf, dim_, Exception, historyBuffer_, mps_fire::i, seedmultiplicitymonitor_newtracking_cfi::maxValue, OnDemandMonitoring_cfi::minValue, runLen_, and eostools::which().

Referenced by QIE8Simulator::run().

                                                                                                                 {
  if (which >= dim_)
    throw cms::Exception("In ConstantStepOdeSolver::truncateCoordinate: index out of range");
  if (minValue > maxValue)
    throw cms::Exception("In ConstantStepOdeSolver::truncateCoordinate: invalid truncation range");

  double* buf = &historyBuffer_[which];
  for (unsigned i = 0; i < runLen_; ++i) {
    if (buf[dim_ * i] < minValue)
      buf[dim_ * i] = minValue;
    else if (buf[dim_ * i] > maxValue)
      buf[dim_ * i] = maxValue;
  }
}

writeHistory()

void ConstantStepOdeSolver::writeHistory	(	std::ostream &	os,
		double	dt,
		bool	cubic = false
	)		const

Definition at line 70 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.cc.

References dim_, dt, dt_, getCoordinate(), getTime(), mps_fire::i, interpolateCoordinate(), lastMaxT(), methodName(), runLen_, submitPVValidationJobs::t, tmax, and eostools::which().

                                                                                                {
  os << "# " << this->methodName() << '\n';
  if (dim_ && runLen_) {
    if (dt == dt_) {
      for (unsigned ipt = 0; ipt < runLen_; ++ipt) {
        os << getTime(ipt);
        for (unsigned which = 0; which < dim_; ++which)
          os << ' ' << getCoordinate(which, ipt);
        os << '\n';
      }
    } else {
      const double tmax = lastMaxT();
      for (unsigned i = 0;; ++i) {
        const double t = i * dt;
        if (t > tmax)
          break;
        os << t;
        for (unsigned which = 0; which < dim_; ++which)
          os << ' ' << interpolateCoordinate(which, t, cubic);
        os << '\n';
      }
    }
  }
}

writeIntegrated()

void ConstantStepOdeSolver::writeIntegrated	(	std::ostream &	os,
		unsigned	which,
		double	dt,
		bool	cubic = false
	)		const

Definition at line 95 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.cc.

References dim_, dt, dt_, getIntegrated(), getTime(), mps_fire::i, interpolateIntegrated(), lastMaxT(), methodName(), runLen_, submitPVValidationJobs::t, tmax, and eostools::which().

                                                                    {
  os << "# " << this->methodName() << '\n';
  if (dim_ && runLen_) {
    if (dt == dt_) {
      for (unsigned ipt = 0; ipt < runLen_; ++ipt)
        os << getTime(ipt) << ' ' << getIntegrated(which, ipt) << '\n';
    } else {
      const double tmax = lastMaxT();
      for (unsigned i = 0;; ++i) {
        const double t = i * dt;
        if (t > tmax)
          break;
        os << t << ' ' << interpolateIntegrated(which, t, cubic) << '\n';
      }
    }
  }
}

Member Data Documentation

chargeBuffer_

std::vector<double> ConstantStepOdeSolver::chargeBuffer_

private

Definition at line 105 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.h.

Referenced by getIntegrated(), integrateCoordinate(), interpolateIntegrated(), and operator=().

dim_

unsigned ConstantStepOdeSolver::dim_

private

Definition at line 100 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.h.

Referenced by getCoordinate(), getIntegrated(), getPeakTime(), integrateCoordinate(), interpolateCoordinate(), interpolateIntegrated(), lastDim(), operator=(), run(), setHistory(), truncateCoordinate(), writeHistory(), and writeIntegrated().

dt_

double ConstantStepOdeSolver::dt_

private

Definition at line 99 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.h.

Referenced by getPeakTime(), getTime(), integrateCoordinate(), interpolateCoordinate(), interpolateIntegrated(), lastDeltaT(), lastMaxT(), operator=(), run(), setHistory(), writeHistory(), and writeIntegrated().

historyBuffer_

std::vector<double> ConstantStepOdeSolver::historyBuffer_

private

Definition at line 104 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.h.

Referenced by getCoordinate(), getPeakTime(), integrateCoordinate(), interpolateCoordinate(), operator=(), run(), setHistory(), and truncateCoordinate().

lastIntegrated_

unsigned ConstantStepOdeSolver::lastIntegrated_

private

Definition at line 102 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.h.

Referenced by getIntegrated(), integrateCoordinate(), interpolateIntegrated(), operator=(), run(), and setHistory().

rhs_

AbsODERHS* ConstantStepOdeSolver::rhs_

protected

Definition at line 89 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.h.

Referenced by ConstantStepOdeSolver(), getRHS(), operator=(), run(), setRHS(), EulerOdeSolver::step(), RK2::step(), RK4::step(), and ~ConstantStepOdeSolver().

runLen_

unsigned ConstantStepOdeSolver::runLen_

private

Definition at line 101 of file ConstantStepOdeSolver.h.

Referenced by getCoordinate(), getIntegrated(), getPeakTime(), getTime(), integrateCoordinate(), interpolateCoordinate(), interpolateIntegrated(), lastMaxT(), lastRunLength(), operator=(), run(), setHistory(), truncateCoordinate(), writeHistory(), and writeIntegrated().