TStorageFactoryFile Class Reference

#include <TStorageFactoryFile.h>

Inheritance diagram for TStorageFactoryFile:

Public Member Functions
	ClassDefOverride (TStorageFactoryFile, 0)
Bool_t	ReadBuffer (char *buf, Int_t len) override
Bool_t	ReadBuffer (char *buf, Long64_t pos, Int_t len) override
Bool_t	ReadBufferAsync (Long64_t off, Int_t len) override
Bool_t	ReadBuffers (char *buf, Long64_t *pos, Int_t *len, Int_t nbuf) override
void	ResetErrno (void) const override
	TStorageFactoryFile (const char *name, Option_t *option, const char *ftitle, Int_t compress, Int_t netopt, Bool_t parallelopen=kFALSE)
	TStorageFactoryFile (const char *name, Option_t *option="", const char *ftitle="", Int_t compress=1)
Bool_t	WriteBuffer (const char *buf, Int_t len) override
	~TStorageFactoryFile (void) override

Protected Member Functions
Int_t	SysClose (Int_t fd) override
Int_t	SysOpen (const char *pathname, Int_t flags, UInt_t mode) override
Long64_t	SysSeek (Int_t fd, Long64_t offset, Int_t whence) override
Int_t	SysStat (Int_t fd, Long_t *id, Long64_t *size, Long_t *flags, Long_t *modtime) override
Int_t	SysSync (Int_t fd) override

Private Member Functions
void	Initialize (const char *name, Option_t *option="")
Bool_t	ReadBuffersSync (char *buf, Long64_t *pos, Int_t *len, Int_t nbuf)
void	releaseStorage ()
	TStorageFactoryFile (void)

Private Attributes
edm::propagate_const< std::unique_ptr< edm::storage::Storage > >	storage_

Detailed Description

TFile wrapper around #StorageFactory and #Storage.

Definition at line 17 of file TStorageFactoryFile.h.

Constructor & Destructor Documentation

TStorageFactoryFile() [1/3]

TStorageFactoryFile::TStorageFactoryFile	(	const char *	name,
		Option_t *	option,
		const char *	ftitle,
		Int_t	compress,
		Int_t	netopt,
		Bool_t	parallelopen = kFALSE
	)

Definition at line 107 of file TStorageFactoryFile.cc.

References Initialize(), fileinputsource_cfi::option, castor_dqm_sourceclient_file_cfg::path, and edm::threadLocalException::setException().

    : TFile(path, "NET", ftitle, compress),  // Pass "NET" to prevent local access in base class
      storage_() {
  try {
    Initialize(path, option);
  } catch (...) {
    edm::threadLocalException::setException(std::current_exception());  // capture
  }
}

TStorageFactoryFile() [2/3]

TStorageFactoryFile::TStorageFactoryFile	(	const char *	name,
		Option_t *	option = "",
		const char *	ftitle = "",
		Int_t	compress = 1
	)

Definition at line 122 of file TStorageFactoryFile.cc.

References Initialize(), fileinputsource_cfi::option, castor_dqm_sourceclient_file_cfg::path, and edm::threadLocalException::setException().

    : TFile(path, "NET", ftitle, compress),  // Pass "NET" to prevent local access in base class
      storage_() {
  try {
    Initialize(path, option);
  } catch (...) {
    edm::threadLocalException::setException(std::current_exception());  // capture
  }
}

~TStorageFactoryFile()

TStorageFactoryFile::~TStorageFactoryFile ( void  )

override

Definition at line 217 of file TStorageFactoryFile.cc.

{ Close(); }

TStorageFactoryFile() [3/3]

TStorageFactoryFile::TStorageFactoryFile ( void  )

private

Definition at line 98 of file TStorageFactoryFile.cc.

References DDDCmsTrackerContruction::construct(), s_statsCtor, dqmMemoryStats::stats, and storageCounter().

                                             : storage_() {
  StorageAccount::Stamp stats(storageCounter(s_statsCtor, StorageAccount::Operation::construct));
  stats.tick(0);
}

Member Function Documentation

ClassDefOverride()

TStorageFactoryFile::ClassDefOverride	(	TStorageFactoryFile	,
		0
	)

Initialize()

void TStorageFactoryFile::Initialize ( const char *  name, Option_t *  option = ""  )

private

Definition at line 135 of file TStorageFactoryFile.cc.

References cms::cuda::assert(), DDDCmsTrackerContruction::construct(), beamerCreator::create(), MillePedeFileConverter_cfg::e, Exception, get, edm::Service< T >::isAvailable(), edm::errors::NotFound, edm::storage::IOFlags::OpenCreate, edm::storage::IOFlags::OpenRead, edm::storage::IOFlags::OpenWrap, edm::storage::IOFlags::OpenWrite, fileinputsource_cfi::option, castor_dqm_sourceclient_file_cfg::path, fileinputsource_cfi::read, s_statsCtor, edm::storage::StatisticsSenderService::setSize(), dqmMemoryStats::stats, storage_, storageCounter(), and update.

Referenced by TStorageFactoryFile().

                                                                         {
  StorageAccount::Stamp stats(storageCounter(s_statsCtor, StorageAccount::Operation::construct));

  // Enable AsyncReading.
  // This was the default for 5.27, but turned off by default for 5.32.
  // In our testing, AsyncReading is the fastest mechanism available.
  // In 5.32, the AsyncPrefetching mechanism is preferred, but has been a
  // performance hit in our "average case" tests.
  gEnv->SetValue("TFile.AsyncReading", 1);

  // Parse options; at the moment we only accept read!
  fOption = option;
  fOption.ToUpper();

  if (fOption == "NEW")
    fOption = "CREATE";

  Bool_t create = (fOption == "CREATE");
  Bool_t recreate = (fOption == "RECREATE");
  Bool_t update = (fOption == "UPDATE");
  Bool_t read = (fOption == "READ") || (fOption == "READWRAP");
  Bool_t readwrap = (fOption == "READWRAP");

  if (!create && !recreate && !update && !read) {
    read = true;
    fOption = "READ";
  }

  if (recreate) {
    if (!gSystem->AccessPathName(path, kFileExists))
      gSystem->Unlink(path);

    recreate = false;
    create = true;
    fOption = "CREATE";
  }
  assert(!recreate);

  if (update && gSystem->AccessPathName(path, kFileExists)) {
    update = kFALSE;
    create = kTRUE;
  }

  assert(read || update || create);

  int openFlags = IOFlags::OpenRead;
  if (!read)
    openFlags |= IOFlags::OpenWrite;
  if (create)
    openFlags |= IOFlags::OpenCreate;
  //if (recreate) openFlags |= IOFlags::OpenCreate | IOFlags::OpenTruncate;
  if (readwrap)
    openFlags |= IOFlags::OpenWrap;

  // Open storage
  if (!(storage_ = StorageFactory::get()->open(path, openFlags))) {
    MakeZombie();
    gDirectory = gROOT;
    throw cms::Exception("TStorageFactoryFile::TStorageFactoryFile()") << "Cannot open file '" << path << "'";
  }

  // Record the statistics.
  try {
    edm::Service<edm::storage::StatisticsSenderService> statsService;
    if (statsService.isAvailable()) {
      statsService->setSize(path, storage_->size());
    }
  } catch (edm::Exception const &e) {
    if (e.categoryCode() != edm::errors::NotFound) {
      throw;
    }
  }

  fRealName = path;
  fD = 0;  // sorry, meaningless
  fWritable = read ? kFALSE : kTRUE;

  Init(create);

  stats.tick(0);
}

ReadBuffer() [1/2]

Bool_t TStorageFactoryFile::ReadBuffer ( char *  buf, Int_t  len  )

override

Definition at line 230 of file TStorageFactoryFile.cc.

References visDQMUpload::buf, c, dqmiodumpmetadata::n, fileinputsource_cfi::read, s_statsCPrefetch, s_statsCRead, s_statsRead, s_statsXRead, dqmMemoryStats::stats, storage_, storageCounter(), and edm::storage::StorageAccount::Stamp::tick().

Referenced by ReadBuffer().

                                                           {
  // Check that it's valid to access this file.
  if (IsZombie()) {
    Error("ReadBuffer", "Cannot read from a zombie file");
    return kTRUE;
  }

  if (!IsOpen()) {
    Error("ReadBuffer", "Cannot read from a file that is not open");
    return kTRUE;
  }

  // Read specified byte range from the storage.  Returns kTRUE in
  // case of error.  Note that ROOT uses this function recursively
  // to fill the cache; we use a flag to make sure our accounting
  // is reflected in a comprehensible manner.  The "read" counter
  // will include both, "readc" indicates how much read from the
  // cache, "readu" indicates how much we failed to read from the
  // cache (excluding those recursive reads), and "readx" counts
  // the amount actually passed to read from the storage object.
  StorageAccount::Stamp stats(storageCounter(s_statsRead, StorageAccount::Operation::read));

  // If we have a cache, read from there first.  This returns 0
  // if the block hasn't been prefetched, 1 if it was in cache,
  // and 2 if there was an error.
  if (TFileCacheRead *c = GetCacheRead()) {
    Long64_t here = GetRelOffset();
    Bool_t async = c->IsAsyncReading();

    StorageAccount::Stamp cstats(async
                                     ? storageCounter(s_statsCPrefetch, StorageAccount::Operation::readPrefetchToCache)
                                     : storageCounter(s_statsCRead, StorageAccount::Operation::readViaCache));

    Int_t st = ReadBufferViaCache(async ? nullptr : buf, len);

    if (st == 2) {
      Error("ReadBuffer",
            "ReadBufferViaCache failed. Asked to read nBytes: %d from offset: %lld with file size: %lld",
            len,
            here,
            GetSize());
      return kTRUE;
    }

    if (st == 1) {
      if (async) {
        cstats.tick(len);
        Seek(here);
      } else {
        cstats.tick(len);
        stats.tick(len);
        return kFALSE;
      }
    }
  }

  // FIXME: Re-enable read-ahead if the data wasn't in cache.
  // if (! st) storage_->caching(true, -1, s_readahead);

  // A real read
  StorageAccount::Stamp xstats(storageCounter(s_statsXRead, StorageAccount::Operation::readActual));
  IOSize n = storage_->xread(buf, len);
  xstats.tick(n);
  stats.tick(n);
  if (n < static_cast<IOSize>(len)) {
    Error("ReadBuffer",
          "read from Storage::xread returned %ld. Asked to read n bytes: %d from offset: %lld with file size: %lld",
          n,
          len,
          GetRelOffset(),
          GetSize());
  }
  return n ? kFALSE : kTRUE;
}

ReadBuffer() [2/2]

Bool_t TStorageFactoryFile::ReadBuffer ( char *  buf, Long64_t  pos, Int_t  len  )

override

Definition at line 223 of file TStorageFactoryFile.cc.

References visDQMUpload::buf, and ReadBuffer().

                                                                         {
  // This function needs to be optimized to minimize seeks.
  // See TFile::ReadBuffer(char *buf, Long64_t pos, Int_t len) in ROOT 5.27.06.
  Seek(pos);
  return ReadBuffer(buf, len);
}

ReadBufferAsync()

Bool_t TStorageFactoryFile::ReadBufferAsync ( Long64_t  off, Int_t  len  )

override

Definition at line 305 of file TStorageFactoryFile.cc.

References f, get, edm::storage::PREFETCH_PROBE_LENGTH, s_statsARead, dqmMemoryStats::stats, storage_, and storageCounter().

                                                                   {
  // Check that it's valid to access this file.
  if (IsZombie()) {
    Error("ReadBufferAsync", "Cannot read from a zombie file");
    return kTRUE;
  }

  if (!IsOpen()) {
    Error("ReadBufferAsync", "Cannot read from a file that is not open");
    return kTRUE;
  }

  StorageAccount::Stamp stats(storageCounter(s_statsARead, StorageAccount::Operation::readAsync));

  // If asynchronous reading is disabled, bail out now, regardless
  // whether the underlying storage supports prefetching.  If it is
  // forced on, pretend it's on, even if the storage doesn't support
  // it, as this turns off the caching in ROOT's side.
  const StorageFactory *f = StorageFactory::get();

  // Verify that we never using async reads in app-only mode
  if (f->cacheHint() == StorageFactory::CACHE_HINT_APPLICATION)
    return kTRUE;

  // Let the I/O method indicate if it can do client-side prefetch.
  // If it does, then for example TTreeCache will drop its own cache
  // and will use the client-side cache of the actual I/O layer.
  // If len is zero ROOT is probing for prefetch support.
  if (len) {
    // FIXME: Synchronise caching.
    // storage_->caching(true, -1, 0);
    ;
  }

  IOPosBuffer iov(off, (void *)nullptr, len ? len : PREFETCH_PROBE_LENGTH);
  if (storage_->prefetch(&iov, 1)) {
    stats.tick(len);
    return kFALSE;
  }

  // Always ask ROOT to use async reads in storage-only mode,
  // regardless of whether the storage system supports it.
  if (f->cacheHint() == StorageFactory::CACHE_HINT_STORAGE)
    return kFALSE;

  // Prefetching not available right now.
  return kTRUE;
}

ReadBuffers()

Bool_t TStorageFactoryFile::ReadBuffers ( char *  buf, Long64_t *  pos, Int_t *  len, Int_t  nbuf  )

override

Definition at line 421 of file TStorageFactoryFile.cc.

References visDQMUpload::buf, mps_fire::i, ReadBuffersSync(), s_statsARead, storage_, storageCounter(), summarizeEdmComparisonLogfiles::success, edm::storage::StorageAccount::Stamp::tick(), and dqmMemoryStats::total.

                                                                                        {
  // Check that it's valid to access this file.
  if (IsZombie()) {
    Error("ReadBuffers", "Cannot read from a zombie file");
    return kTRUE;
  }

  if (!IsOpen()) {
    Error("ReadBuffers", "Cannot read from a file that is not open");
    return kTRUE;
  }

  // For synchronous reads, we have special logic to optimize the I/O requests
  // from ROOT before handing it to the storage.
  if (buf) {
    return ReadBuffersSync(buf, pos, len, nbuf);
  }
  // For an async read, we assume the storage system is smart enough to do the
  // optimization itself.

  // Read from underlying storage.
  void *const nobuf = nullptr;
  Int_t total = 0;
  std::vector<IOPosBuffer> iov;
  iov.reserve(nbuf);
  for (Int_t i = 0; i < nbuf; ++i) {
    iov.emplace_back(pos[i], nobuf, len[i]);
    total += len[i];
  }

  // Null buffer means asynchronous reads into I/O system's cache.
  bool success;
  StorageAccount::Stamp astats(storageCounter(s_statsARead, StorageAccount::Operation::readAsync));
  // Synchronise low-level cache with the supposed cache in TFile.
  // storage_->caching(true, -1, 0);
  success = storage_->prefetch(iov.data(), nbuf);
  astats.tick(total);

  // If it didn't suceeed, pass down to the base class.
  if (not success) {
    if (TFile::ReadBuffers(buf, pos, len, nbuf)) {
      Error("ReadBuffers", "call to TFile::ReadBuffers failed after prefetch already failed.");
      return kTRUE;
    }
  }
  return kFALSE;
}

ReadBuffersSync()

Bool_t TStorageFactoryFile::ReadBuffersSync ( char *  buf, Long64_t *  pos, Int_t *  len, Int_t  nbuf  )

private

Most storage systems are not prepared for the onslaught of small reads that ROOT will perform, even if they implement a vectored read interface.

Typically, on the server side, the loop is unrolled and the reads are issued sequentially - giving the OS no hint that you're about to read a very close-by byte in the near future. Normally, OS read-ahead takes care of such situations; because the storage server has so many clients, and ROOT reads look random to the OS, the read-ahead becomes disabled.

Hence, this function will repack the application-layer request into an optimized storage-layer request. The resulting request to the storage layer typically has a slightly larger number of bytes, but far less individual reads.

On average, the server's disks see a smaller number of overall reads, the number of bytes transferred over the network increases modestly (around 10%), and the single application request becomes one-to-two I/O transactions. A clear win for all cases except high-latency WAN.

Definition at line 354 of file TStorageFactoryFile.cc.

References cms::cuda::assert(), visDQMUpload::buf, ReadRepacker::bufferUsed(), mps_fire::i, ReadRepacker::iov(), ReadRepacker::pack(), ReadRepacker::realBytesProcessed(), mps_fire::result, s_statsXRead, storage_, storageCounter(), edm::storage::StorageAccount::Stamp::tick(), and ReadRepacker::unpack().

Referenced by ReadBuffers().

                                                                                            {
  Int_t remaining = nbuf;  // Number of read requests left to process.
  Int_t pack_count;        // Number of read requests processed by this iteration.

  IOSize remaining_buffer_size = 0;
  // Calculate the remaining buffer size for the ROOT-owned buffer by adding
  // the size of the various requests.
  for (Int_t i = 0; i < nbuf; i++)
    remaining_buffer_size += len[i];

  char *current_buffer = buf;
  Long64_t *current_pos = pos;
  Int_t *current_len = len;

  ReadRepacker repacker;

  while (remaining > 0) {
    pack_count = repacker.pack(
        static_cast<long long int *>(current_pos), current_len, remaining, current_buffer, remaining_buffer_size);

    int real_bytes_processed = repacker.realBytesProcessed();
    IOSize io_buffer_used = repacker.bufferUsed();

    // Issue readv, then unpack buffers.
    StorageAccount::Stamp xstats(storageCounter(s_statsXRead, StorageAccount::Operation::readActual));
    std::vector<IOPosBuffer> &iov = repacker.iov();
    IOSize result = storage_->readv(&iov[0], iov.size());
    if (result != io_buffer_used) {
      Error(
          "ReadBuffersSync", "Storage::readv returned different size result=%ld expected=%ld", result, io_buffer_used);
      return kTRUE;
    }
    xstats.tick(io_buffer_used);
    repacker.unpack(current_buffer);

    // Update the location of the unused part of the input buffer.
    remaining_buffer_size -= real_bytes_processed;
    current_buffer += real_bytes_processed;

    current_pos += pack_count;
    current_len += pack_count;
    remaining -= pack_count;
  }
  assert(remaining_buffer_size == 0);
  return kFALSE;
}

releaseStorage()

void TStorageFactoryFile::releaseStorage ( )

inlineprivate

Definition at line 58 of file TStorageFactoryFile.h.

References edm::get_underlying_safe(), and storage_.

Referenced by SysClose().

{ get_underlying_safe(storage_).release(); }

ResetErrno()

void TStorageFactoryFile::ResetErrno ( void  ) const

override

Definition at line 598 of file TStorageFactoryFile.cc.

{ TSystem::ResetErrno(); }

SysClose()

Int_t TStorageFactoryFile::SysClose ( Int_t  fd )

overrideprotected

Definition at line 559 of file TStorageFactoryFile.cc.

References releaseStorage(), s_statsClose, dqmMemoryStats::stats, storage_, and storageCounter().

                                           {
  StorageAccount::Stamp stats(storageCounter(s_statsClose, StorageAccount::Operation::close));

  if (storage_) {
    storage_->close();
    releaseStorage();
  }

  stats.tick();
  return 0;
}

SysOpen()

Int_t TStorageFactoryFile::SysOpen ( const char *  pathname, Int_t  flags, UInt_t  mode  )

overrideprotected

Definition at line 526 of file TStorageFactoryFile.cc.

References Exception, HLT_2022v15_cff::flags, get, O_NONBLOCK, edm::storage::IOFlags::OpenAppend, edm::storage::IOFlags::OpenCreate, edm::storage::IOFlags::OpenExclusive, edm::storage::IOFlags::OpenNonBlock, edm::storage::IOFlags::OpenRead, edm::storage::IOFlags::OpenTruncate, edm::storage::IOFlags::OpenWrite, BTVHLTOfflineSource_cfi::pathname, s_statsOpen, dqmMemoryStats::stats, storage_, and storageCounter().

                                                                              {
  StorageAccount::Stamp stats(storageCounter(s_statsOpen, StorageAccount::Operation::open));

  if (storage_) {
    storage_->close();
  }

  int openFlags = IOFlags::OpenRead;
  if (flags & O_WRONLY)
    openFlags = IOFlags::OpenWrite;
  else if (flags & O_RDWR)
    openFlags |= IOFlags::OpenWrite;
  if (flags & O_CREAT)
    openFlags |= IOFlags::OpenCreate;
  if (flags & O_APPEND)
    openFlags |= IOFlags::OpenAppend;
  if (flags & O_EXCL)
    openFlags |= IOFlags::OpenExclusive;
  if (flags & O_TRUNC)
    openFlags |= IOFlags::OpenTruncate;
  if (flags & O_NONBLOCK)
    openFlags |= IOFlags::OpenNonBlock;

  if (!(storage_ = StorageFactory::get()->open(pathname, openFlags))) {
    MakeZombie();
    gDirectory = gROOT;
    throw cms::Exception("TStorageFactoryFile::SysOpen()") << "Cannot open file '" << pathname << "'";
  }

  stats.tick();
  return 0;
}

SysSeek()

Long64_t TStorageFactoryFile::SysSeek ( Int_t  fd, Long64_t  offset, Int_t  whence  )

overrideprotected

Definition at line 571 of file TStorageFactoryFile.cc.

References hltrates_dqm_sourceclient-live_cfg::offset, RefreshWebPage::rel, s_statsSeek, L1DTConfigBti_cff::SET, dqmMemoryStats::stats, storage_, and storageCounter().

                                                                            {
  StorageAccount::Stamp stats(storageCounter(s_statsSeek, StorageAccount::Operation::seek));
  Storage::Relative rel = (whence == SEEK_SET ? Storage::SET : whence == SEEK_CUR ? Storage::CURRENT : Storage::END);

  offset = storage_->position(offset, rel);
  stats.tick();
  return offset;
}

SysStat()

Int_t TStorageFactoryFile::SysStat ( Int_t  fd, Long_t *  id, Long64_t *  size, Long_t *  flags, Long_t *  modtime  )

overrideprotected

Definition at line 587 of file TStorageFactoryFile.cc.

References HLT_2022v15_cff::flags, s_statsStat, findQualityFiles::size, edm_modernize_messagelogger::stat, dqmMemoryStats::stats, storage_, and storageCounter().

                                                                                                      {
  StorageAccount::Stamp stats(storageCounter(s_statsStat, StorageAccount::Operation::stat));
  // FIXME: Most of this is unsupported or makes no sense with Storage
  *id = ::Hash(fRealName);
  *size = storage_->size();
  *flags = 0;
  *modtime = 0;
  stats.tick();
  return 0;
}

SysSync()

Int_t TStorageFactoryFile::SysSync ( Int_t  fd )

overrideprotected

Definition at line 580 of file TStorageFactoryFile.cc.

References s_statsFlush, dqmMemoryStats::stats, storage_, and storageCounter().

                                          {
  StorageAccount::Stamp stats(storageCounter(s_statsFlush, StorageAccount::Operation::flush));
  storage_->flush();
  stats.tick();
  return 0;
}

WriteBuffer()

Bool_t TStorageFactoryFile::WriteBuffer ( const char *  buf, Int_t  len  )

override

Definition at line 469 of file TStorageFactoryFile.cc.

References visDQMUpload::buf, dqmiodumpmetadata::n, s_statsCWrite, s_statsWrite, s_statsXWrite, dqmMemoryStats::stats, storage_, storageCounter(), edm::storage::StorageAccount::Stamp::tick(), and writeEcalDQMStatus::write.

                                                                  {
  // Check that it's valid to access this file.
  if (IsZombie()) {
    Error("WriteBuffer", "Cannot write to a zombie file");
    return kTRUE;
  }

  if (!IsOpen()) {
    Error("WriteBuffer", "Cannot write to a file that is not open");
    return kTRUE;
  }

  if (!fWritable) {
    Error("WriteBuffer", "File is not writable");
    return kTRUE;
  }

  StorageAccount::Stamp stats(storageCounter(s_statsWrite, StorageAccount::Operation::write));
  StorageAccount::Stamp cstats(storageCounter(s_statsCWrite, StorageAccount::Operation::writeViaCache));

  // Try first writing via a cache, and if that's not possible, directly.
  Int_t st;
  switch ((st = WriteBufferViaCache(buf, len))) {
    case 0:
      // Actual write.
      {
        StorageAccount::Stamp xstats(storageCounter(s_statsXWrite, StorageAccount::Operation::writeActual));
        IOSize n = storage_->xwrite(buf, len);
        xstats.tick(n);
        stats.tick(n);

        // FIXME: What if it's a short write?
        return n > 0 ? kFALSE : kTRUE;
      }

    case 1:
      cstats.tick(len);
      stats.tick(len);
      return kFALSE;

    case 2:
    default:
      Error("WriteBuffer", "Error writing to cache");
      return kTRUE;
  }
}

Member Data Documentation

storage_

edm::propagate_const<std::unique_ptr<edm::storage::Storage> > TStorageFactoryFile::storage_

private

Definition at line 62 of file TStorageFactoryFile.h.

Referenced by Initialize(), ReadBuffer(), ReadBufferAsync(), ReadBuffers(), ReadBuffersSync(), releaseStorage(), SysClose(), SysOpen(), SysSeek(), SysStat(), SysSync(), and WriteBuffer().