#include <PixelCPEGenericBase.h>

Inheritance diagram for PixelCPEGenericBase:

Classes
struct	ClusterParamGeneric

Public Member Functions
	PixelCPEGenericBase (edm::ParameterSet const &conf, const MagneticField mag, const TrackerGeometry &geom, const TrackerTopology &ttopo, const SiPixelLorentzAngle lorentzAngle, const SiPixelGenErrorDBObject genErrorDBObject, const SiPixelLorentzAngle lorentzAngleWidth)

	~PixelCPEGenericBase () override=default

Public Member Functions inherited from PixelCPEBase
ReturnType	getParameters (const SiPixelCluster &cl, const GeomDetUnit &det) const override

ReturnType	getParameters (const SiPixelCluster &cl, const GeomDetUnit &det, const LocalTrajectoryParameters &ltp) const override

	PixelCPEBase (edm::ParameterSet const &conf, const MagneticField mag, const TrackerGeometry &geom, const TrackerTopology &ttopo, const SiPixelLorentzAngle lorentzAngle, const SiPixelGenErrorDBObject genErrorDBObject, const SiPixelTemplateDBObject templateDBobject, const SiPixelLorentzAngle *lorentzAngleWidth, int flag=0)

Public Member Functions inherited from PixelClusterParameterEstimator
unsigned int	clusterProbComputationFlag () const

virtual ReturnType	getParameters (const SiPixelCluster &cl, const GeomDetUnit &det, const TrajectoryStateOnSurface &tsos) const

virtual VLocalValues	localParametersV (const SiPixelCluster &cluster, const GeomDetUnit &gd) const

virtual VLocalValues	localParametersV (const SiPixelCluster &cluster, const GeomDetUnit &gd, TrajectoryStateOnSurface &tsos) const

	PixelClusterParameterEstimator ()

virtual	~PixelClusterParameterEstimator ()

Static Public Member Functions
static void	fillPSetDescription (edm::ParameterSetDescription &desc)

Static Public Member Functions inherited from PixelCPEBase
static void	fillPSetDescription (edm::ParameterSetDescription &desc)

Protected Member Functions
std::unique_ptr< ClusterParam >	createClusterParam (const SiPixelCluster &cl) const override

void	initializeLocalErrorVariables (float &xerr, float &yerr, bool &edgex, bool &edgey, bool &bigInX, bool &bigInY, int &maxPixelCol, int &maxPixelRow, int &minPixelCol, int &minPixelRow, uint &sizex, uint &sizey, DetParam const &theDetParam, ClusterParamGeneric const &theClusterParam) const

void	setXYErrors (float &xerr, float &yerr, const bool edgex, const bool edgey, const unsigned int sizex, const unsigned int sizey, const bool bigInX, const bool bigInY, const bool useTemplateErrors, DetParam const &theDetParam, ClusterParamGeneric const &theClusterParam) const

Protected Member Functions inherited from PixelCPEBase
void	computeAnglesFromDetPosition (DetParam const &theDetParam, ClusterParam &theClusterParam) const

void	computeAnglesFromTrajectory (DetParam const &theDetParam, ClusterParam &theClusterParam, const LocalTrajectoryParameters &ltp) const

void	computeLorentzShifts (DetParam &) const

DetParam const &	detParam (const GeomDetUnit &det) const

LocalVector	driftDirection (DetParam &theDetParam, GlobalVector bfield) const

LocalVector	driftDirection (DetParam &theDetParam, LocalVector bfield) const

void	setTheClu (DetParam const &, ClusterParam &theClusterParam) const

Static Protected Member Functions
static void	collect_edge_charges (ClusterParam &theClusterParam, int &q_f_X, int &q_l_X, int &q_f_Y, int &q_l_Y, bool truncate)

Protected Attributes
const float	edgeClusterErrorX_

const float	edgeClusterErrorY_

const bool	truncatePixelCharge_

bool	useErrorsFromTemplates_

const std::vector< float >	xerr_barrel_l1_

const float	xerr_barrel_l1_def_

const std::vector< float >	xerr_barrel_ln_

const float	xerr_barrel_ln_def_

const std::vector< float >	xerr_endcap_

const float	xerr_endcap_def_

const std::vector< float >	yerr_barrel_l1_

const float	yerr_barrel_l1_def_

const std::vector< float >	yerr_barrel_ln_

const float	yerr_barrel_ln_def_

const std::vector< float >	yerr_endcap_

const float	yerr_endcap_def_

Protected Attributes inherited from PixelCPEBase
bool	alpha2Order

bool	doLorentzFromAlignment_

const SiPixelGenErrorDBObject *	genErrorDBObject_

const TrackerGeometry &	geom_

float	lAOffset_

float	lAWidthBPix_

float	lAWidthFPix_

bool	LoadTemplatesFromDB_

const SiPixelLorentzAngle *	lorentzAngle_

const SiPixelLorentzAngle *	lorentzAngleWidth_

DetParams	m_DetParams = DetParams(1440)

const MagneticField *	magfield_

const SiPixelTemplateDBObject *	templateDBobject_

int	theFlag_

int	theVerboseLevel

const TrackerTopology &	ttopo_

bool	useLAFromDB_

bool	useLAOffsetFromConfig_

bool	useLAWidthFromConfig_

bool	useLAWidthFromDB_

Protected Attributes inherited from PixelClusterParameterEstimator
unsigned int	clusterProbComputationFlag_

Additional Inherited Members
Public Types inherited from PixelClusterParameterEstimator
typedef std::pair< LocalPoint, LocalError >	LocalValues

using	ReturnType = std::tuple< LocalPoint, LocalError, SiPixelRecHitQuality::QualWordType >

typedef std::vector< LocalValues >	VLocalValues

Protected Types inherited from PixelCPEBase
using	DetParams = std::vector< DetParam >

typedef GloballyPositioned< double >	Frame

Static Protected Attributes inherited from PixelCPEBase
static constexpr float	bothEdgeXError_ = 31.0f

static constexpr float	bothEdgeYError_ = 90.0f

static constexpr float	clusterSplitMaxError_ = 7777.7f

static constexpr float	xEdgeXError_ = 23.0f

static constexpr float	xEdgeYError_ = 39.0f

static constexpr float	yEdgeXError_ = 24.0f

static constexpr float	yEdgeYError_ = 96.0f

Detailed Description

Definition at line 7 of file PixelCPEGenericBase.h.

Constructor & Destructor Documentation

◆ PixelCPEGenericBase()

PixelCPEGenericBase::PixelCPEGenericBase	(	edm::ParameterSet const &	conf,
		const MagneticField *	mag,
		const TrackerGeometry &	geom,
		const TrackerTopology &	ttopo,
		const SiPixelLorentzAngle *	lorentzAngle,
		const SiPixelGenErrorDBObject *	genErrorDBObject,
		const SiPixelLorentzAngle *	lorentzAngleWidth = `nullptr`
	)

Definition at line 11 of file PixelCPEGenericBase.cc.

References edm::ParameterSet::getParameter().

     : PixelCPEBase(conf, mag, geom, ttopo, lorentzAngle, genErrorDBObject, nullptr, lorentzAngleWidth, 0),
       edgeClusterErrorX_{static_cast<float>(conf.getParameter<double>("EdgeClusterErrorX"))},
       edgeClusterErrorY_{static_cast<float>(conf.getParameter<double>("EdgeClusterErrorY"))},
       useErrorsFromTemplates_{conf.getParameter<bool>("UseErrorsFromTemplates")},
       truncatePixelCharge_{conf.getParameter<bool>("TruncatePixelCharge")},
       xerr_barrel_l1_{convertDoubleVecToFloatVec(conf.getParameter<std::vector<double>>("xerr_barrel_l1"))},
       yerr_barrel_l1_{convertDoubleVecToFloatVec(conf.getParameter<std::vector<double>>("yerr_barrel_l1"))},
       xerr_barrel_ln_{convertDoubleVecToFloatVec(conf.getParameter<std::vector<double>>("xerr_barrel_ln"))},
       yerr_barrel_ln_{convertDoubleVecToFloatVec(conf.getParameter<std::vector<double>>("yerr_barrel_ln"))},
       xerr_endcap_{convertDoubleVecToFloatVec(conf.getParameter<std::vector<double>>("xerr_endcap"))},
       yerr_endcap_{convertDoubleVecToFloatVec(conf.getParameter<std::vector<double>>("yerr_endcap"))},
       xerr_barrel_l1_def_{static_cast<float>(conf.getParameter<double>("xerr_barrel_l1_def"))},
       yerr_barrel_l1_def_{static_cast<float>(conf.getParameter<double>("yerr_barrel_l1_def"))},
       xerr_barrel_ln_def_{static_cast<float>(conf.getParameter<double>("xerr_barrel_ln_def"))},
       yerr_barrel_ln_def_{static_cast<float>(conf.getParameter<double>("yerr_barrel_ln_def"))},
       xerr_endcap_def_{static_cast<float>(conf.getParameter<double>("xerr_endcap_def"))},
       yerr_endcap_def_{static_cast<float>(conf.getParameter<double>("yerr_endcap_def"))} {};

◆ ~PixelCPEGenericBase()

PixelCPEGenericBase::~PixelCPEGenericBase ( )

overridedefault

Member Function Documentation

◆ collect_edge_charges()

void PixelCPEGenericBase::collect_edge_charges	(	ClusterParam &	theClusterParamBase,
		int &	q_f_X,
		int &	q_l_X,
		int &	q_f_Y,
		int &	q_l_Y,
		bool	truncate
	)

staticprotected

Collect the edge charges in x and y, in a single pass over the pixel vector. Calculate charge in the first and last pixel projected in x and y and the inner cluster charge, projected in x and y.

Parameters

theClusterParamBase	input, the cluster
q_f_X	output, Q first in X
q_l_X	output, Q last in X
q_f_Y	output, Q first in Y
q_l_Y	output, Q last in Y

Definition at line 45 of file PixelCPEGenericBase.cc.

References mps_fire::i, SiPixelCluster::maxPixelCol(), SiPixelCluster::maxPixelRow(), SiStripPI::min, SiPixelCluster::minPixelCol(), SiPixelCluster::minPixelRow(), muonClassificationByHits_cfi::pixel, SiPixelCluster::pixel(), PixelCPEGenericBase::ClusterParamGeneric::pixmx, SiPixelCluster::size(), PixelCPEBase::ClusterParam::theCluster, HLT_2022v15_cff::truncate, TrackerOfflineValidation_Dqm_cff::xmax, TrackerOfflineValidation_Dqm_cff::xmin, L1TOccupancyClient_cfi::ymax, and L1TOccupancyClient_cfi::ymin.

Referenced by PixelCPEFast< TrackerTraits >::localPosition().

                                                               {
   ClusterParamGeneric& theClusterParam = static_cast<ClusterParamGeneric&>(theClusterParamBase);
 
   // Initialize return variables.
   q_f_X = q_l_X = 0;
   q_f_Y = q_l_Y = 0;
 
   // Obtain boundaries in index units
   int xmin = theClusterParam.theCluster->minPixelRow();
   int xmax = theClusterParam.theCluster->maxPixelRow();
   int ymin = theClusterParam.theCluster->minPixelCol();
   int ymax = theClusterParam.theCluster->maxPixelCol();
 
   // Iterate over the pixels.
   int isize = theClusterParam.theCluster->size();
   for (int i = 0; i != isize; ++i) {
     auto const& pixel = theClusterParam.theCluster->pixel(i);
     // ggiurgiu@fnal.gov: add pixel charge truncation
     int pix_adc = pixel.adc;
     if (truncate)
       pix_adc = std::min(pix_adc, theClusterParam.pixmx);
 
     //
     // X projection
     if (pixel.x == xmin)
       q_f_X += pix_adc;
     if (pixel.x == xmax)
       q_l_X += pix_adc;
     //
     // Y projection
     if (pixel.y == ymin)
       q_f_Y += pix_adc;
     if (pixel.y == ymax)
       q_l_Y += pix_adc;
   }
 }

◆ createClusterParam()

std::unique_ptr< PixelCPEBase::ClusterParam > PixelCPEGenericBase::createClusterParam ( const SiPixelCluster & cl ) const

overrideprotectedvirtual

Implements PixelCPEBase.

Definition at line 36 of file PixelCPEGenericBase.cc.

References haddnano::cl.

                                                                                                               {
   return std::make_unique<ClusterParamGeneric>(cl);
 }

◆ fillPSetDescription()

void PixelCPEGenericBase::fillPSetDescription ( edm::ParameterSetDescription & desc )

static

Definition at line 217 of file PixelCPEGenericBase.cc.

References submitPVResolutionJobs::desc.

Referenced by PixelCPEFast< TrackerTraits >::fillPSetDescription(), and PixelCPEGeneric::fillPSetDescription().

                                                                               {
   desc.add<std::vector<double>>("xerr_barrel_l1", {0.00115, 0.00120, 0.00088});
   desc.add<std::vector<double>>("yerr_barrel_l1",
                                 {0.00375, 0.00230, 0.00250, 0.00250, 0.00230, 0.00230, 0.00210, 0.00210, 0.00240});
   desc.add<std::vector<double>>("xerr_barrel_ln", {0.00115, 0.00120, 0.00088});
   desc.add<std::vector<double>>("yerr_barrel_ln",
                                 {0.00375, 0.00230, 0.00250, 0.00250, 0.00230, 0.00230, 0.00210, 0.00210, 0.00240});
   desc.add<std::vector<double>>("xerr_endcap", {0.0020, 0.0020});
   desc.add<std::vector<double>>("yerr_endcap", {0.00210});
   desc.add<double>("xerr_barrel_l1_def", 0.01030);
   desc.add<double>("yerr_barrel_l1_def", 0.00210);
   desc.add<double>("xerr_barrel_ln_def", 0.01030);
   desc.add<double>("yerr_barrel_ln_def", 0.00210);
   desc.add<double>("xerr_endcap_def", 0.0020);
   desc.add<double>("yerr_endcap_def", 0.00075);
 }

◆ initializeLocalErrorVariables()

void PixelCPEGenericBase::initializeLocalErrorVariables	(	float &	xerr,
		float &	yerr,
		bool &	edgex,
		bool &	edgey,
		bool &	bigInX,
		bool &	bigInY,
		int &	maxPixelCol,
		int &	maxPixelRow,
		int &	minPixelCol,
		int &	minPixelRow,
		uint &	sizex,
		uint &	sizey,
		DetParam const &	theDetParam,
		ClusterParamGeneric const &	theClusterParam
	)		const

protected

Definition at line 87 of file PixelCPEGenericBase.cc.

References RectangularPixelTopology::containsBigPixelInX(), RectangularPixelTopology::containsBigPixelInY(), edgeClusterErrorX_, edgeClusterErrorY_, RectangularPixelTopology::isItEdgePixelInX(), RectangularPixelTopology::isItEdgePixelInY(), SiPixelCluster::maxPixelCol(), SiPixelCluster::maxPixelRow(), SiPixelCluster::minPixelCol(), SiPixelCluster::minPixelRow(), SiPixelCluster::sizeX(), SiPixelCluster::sizeY(), PixelCPEBase::ClusterParam::theCluster, and PixelCPEBase::DetParam::theRecTopol.

                                                       {  // Default errors are the maximum error used for edge clusters.
   // These are determined by looking at residuals for edge clusters
   xerr = edgeClusterErrorX_ * micronsToCm;
   yerr = edgeClusterErrorY_ * micronsToCm;
 
   // Find if cluster is at the module edge.
   maxPixelCol = theClusterParam.theCluster->maxPixelCol();
   maxPixelRow = theClusterParam.theCluster->maxPixelRow();
   minPixelCol = theClusterParam.theCluster->minPixelCol();
   minPixelRow = theClusterParam.theCluster->minPixelRow();
 
   edgex = (theDetParam.theRecTopol->isItEdgePixelInX(minPixelRow)) ||
           (theDetParam.theRecTopol->isItEdgePixelInX(maxPixelRow));
   edgey = (theDetParam.theRecTopol->isItEdgePixelInY(minPixelCol)) ||
           (theDetParam.theRecTopol->isItEdgePixelInY(maxPixelCol));
 
   sizex = theClusterParam.theCluster->sizeX();
   sizey = theClusterParam.theCluster->sizeY();
 
   // Find if cluster contains double (big) pixels.
   bigInX = theDetParam.theRecTopol->containsBigPixelInX(minPixelRow, maxPixelRow);
   bigInY = theDetParam.theRecTopol->containsBigPixelInY(minPixelCol, maxPixelCol);
 };

◆ setXYErrors()

void PixelCPEGenericBase::setXYErrors	(	float &	xerr,
		float &	yerr,
		const bool	edgex,
		const bool	edgey,
		const unsigned int	sizex,
		const unsigned int	sizey,
		const bool	bigInX,
		const bool	bigInY,
		const bool	useTemplateErrors,
		DetParam const &	theDetParam,
		ClusterParamGeneric const &	theClusterParam
	)		const

protected

Definition at line 125 of file PixelCPEGenericBase.cc.

References GeomDet::geographicalId(), GeomDetEnumerators::isBarrel(), GeomDetEnumerators::isTrackerPixel(), pixelTopology::layer, TrackerTopology::layer(), PixelCPEGenericBase::ClusterParamGeneric::sigmax, PixelCPEGenericBase::ClusterParamGeneric::sigmay, PixelCPEGenericBase::ClusterParamGeneric::sx1, PixelCPEGenericBase::ClusterParamGeneric::sx2, PixelCPEGenericBase::ClusterParamGeneric::sy1, PixelCPEGenericBase::ClusterParamGeneric::sy2, PixelCPEBase::DetParam::theDet, PixelCPEBase::DetParam::thePart, PixelCPEBase::ttopo_, xerr_barrel_l1_, xerr_barrel_l1_def_, xerr_barrel_ln_, xerr_barrel_ln_def_, xerr_endcap_, xerr_endcap_def_, yerr_barrel_l1_, yerr_barrel_l1_def_, yerr_barrel_ln_, yerr_barrel_ln_def_, yerr_endcap_, and yerr_endcap_def_.

                                                                                         {
   if (useTemplateErrors) {
     if (!edgex) {  // Only use this for non-edge clusters
       if (sizex == 1) {
         if (!bigInX) {
           xerr = theClusterParam.sx1;
         } else {
           xerr = theClusterParam.sx2;
         }
       } else {
         xerr = theClusterParam.sigmax;
       }
     }
 
     if (!edgey) {  // Only use for non-edge clusters
       if (sizey == 1) {
         if (!bigInY) {
           yerr = theClusterParam.sy1;
         } else {
           yerr = theClusterParam.sy2;
         }
       } else {
         yerr = theClusterParam.sigmay;
       }
     }
 
   } else {  // simple errors
 
     if (GeomDetEnumerators::isTrackerPixel(theDetParam.thePart)) {
       if (GeomDetEnumerators::isBarrel(theDetParam.thePart)) {
         DetId id = (theDetParam.theDet->geographicalId());
         int layer = ttopo_.layer(id);
         if (layer == 1) {
           if (!edgex) {
             if (sizex <= xerr_barrel_l1_.size())
               xerr = xerr_barrel_l1_[sizex - 1];
             else
               xerr = xerr_barrel_l1_def_;
           }
 
           if (!edgey) {
             if (sizey <= yerr_barrel_l1_.size())
               yerr = yerr_barrel_l1_[sizey - 1];
             else
               yerr = yerr_barrel_l1_def_;
           }
         } else {  // layer 2,3
           if (!edgex) {
             if (sizex <= xerr_barrel_ln_.size())
               xerr = xerr_barrel_ln_[sizex - 1];
             else
               xerr = xerr_barrel_ln_def_;
           }
 
           if (!edgey) {
             if (sizey <= yerr_barrel_ln_.size())
               yerr = yerr_barrel_ln_[sizey - 1];
             else
               yerr = yerr_barrel_ln_def_;
           }
         }
 
       } else {  // EndCap
 
         if (!edgex) {
           if (sizex <= xerr_endcap_.size())
             xerr = xerr_endcap_[sizex - 1];
           else
             xerr = xerr_endcap_def_;
         }
 
         if (!edgey) {
           if (sizey <= yerr_endcap_.size())
             yerr = yerr_endcap_[sizey - 1];
           else
             yerr = yerr_endcap_def_;
         }
       }  // end endcap
     }
   }
 }

Member Data Documentation

◆ edgeClusterErrorX_

const float PixelCPEGenericBase::edgeClusterErrorX_

protected

Definition at line 84 of file PixelCPEGenericBase.h.

Referenced by initializeLocalErrorVariables().

◆ edgeClusterErrorY_

const float PixelCPEGenericBase::edgeClusterErrorY_

protected

Definition at line 85 of file PixelCPEGenericBase.h.

Referenced by initializeLocalErrorVariables().

◆ truncatePixelCharge_

const bool PixelCPEGenericBase::truncatePixelCharge_

protected

Definition at line 87 of file PixelCPEGenericBase.h.

Referenced by PixelCPEFast< TrackerTraits >::localPosition(), and PixelCPEGeneric::PixelCPEGeneric().

◆ useErrorsFromTemplates_

bool PixelCPEGenericBase::useErrorsFromTemplates_

protected

Definition at line 86 of file PixelCPEGenericBase.h.

Referenced by PixelCPEFast< TrackerTraits >::localPosition(), PixelCPEFast< TrackerTraits >::PixelCPEFast(), and PixelCPEGeneric::PixelCPEGeneric().

◆ xerr_barrel_l1_

const std::vector<float> PixelCPEGenericBase::xerr_barrel_l1_

protected

Definition at line 90 of file PixelCPEGenericBase.h.

Referenced by setXYErrors().

◆ xerr_barrel_l1_def_

const float PixelCPEGenericBase::xerr_barrel_l1_def_

protected

Definition at line 92 of file PixelCPEGenericBase.h.

Referenced by setXYErrors().

◆ xerr_barrel_ln_

const std::vector<float> PixelCPEGenericBase::xerr_barrel_ln_

protected

Definition at line 90 of file PixelCPEGenericBase.h.

Referenced by setXYErrors().

◆ xerr_barrel_ln_def_

const float PixelCPEGenericBase::xerr_barrel_ln_def_

protected

Definition at line 92 of file PixelCPEGenericBase.h.

Referenced by setXYErrors().

◆ xerr_endcap_

const std::vector<float> PixelCPEGenericBase::xerr_endcap_

protected

Definition at line 91 of file PixelCPEGenericBase.h.

Referenced by setXYErrors().

◆ xerr_endcap_def_

const float PixelCPEGenericBase::xerr_endcap_def_

protected

Definition at line 93 of file PixelCPEGenericBase.h.

Referenced by setXYErrors().

◆ yerr_barrel_l1_

const std::vector<float> PixelCPEGenericBase::yerr_barrel_l1_

protected

Definition at line 90 of file PixelCPEGenericBase.h.

Referenced by setXYErrors().

◆ yerr_barrel_l1_def_

const float PixelCPEGenericBase::yerr_barrel_l1_def_

protected

Definition at line 92 of file PixelCPEGenericBase.h.

Referenced by setXYErrors().

◆ yerr_barrel_ln_

const std::vector<float> PixelCPEGenericBase::yerr_barrel_ln_

protected

Definition at line 91 of file PixelCPEGenericBase.h.

Referenced by setXYErrors().

◆ yerr_barrel_ln_def_

const float PixelCPEGenericBase::yerr_barrel_ln_def_

protected

Definition at line 93 of file PixelCPEGenericBase.h.

Referenced by setXYErrors().

◆ yerr_endcap_

const std::vector<float> PixelCPEGenericBase::yerr_endcap_

protected

Definition at line 91 of file PixelCPEGenericBase.h.

Referenced by setXYErrors().

◆ yerr_endcap_def_

const float PixelCPEGenericBase::yerr_endcap_def_

protected

Definition at line 93 of file PixelCPEGenericBase.h.

Referenced by setXYErrors().

Classes

Public Member Functions

Static Public Member Functions

Protected Member Functions

Static Protected Member Functions

Protected Attributes

Additional Inherited Members

Detailed Description

Constructor & Destructor Documentation

◆ PixelCPEGenericBase()

◆ ~PixelCPEGenericBase()

Member Function Documentation

◆ collect_edge_charges()

◆ createClusterParam()

◆ fillPSetDescription()

◆ initializeLocalErrorVariables()

◆ setXYErrors()

Member Data Documentation

◆ edgeClusterErrorX_

◆ edgeClusterErrorY_

◆ truncatePixelCharge_

◆ useErrorsFromTemplates_

◆ xerr_barrel_l1_

◆ xerr_barrel_l1_def_

◆ xerr_barrel_ln_

◆ xerr_barrel_ln_def_

◆ xerr_endcap_

◆ xerr_endcap_def_

◆ yerr_barrel_l1_

◆ yerr_barrel_l1_def_

◆ yerr_barrel_ln_

◆ yerr_barrel_ln_def_

◆ yerr_endcap_

◆ yerr_endcap_def_